Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
FPGAs in Datacenter
FPGAs are considered as a competitive computational resource for two reasons, added performance and lower power consumption.
  • 771
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Capacity Sizing of Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System
A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency.
  • 771
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Radar Signal Intrapulse Modulation Recognition Based on DGDNet
Accurate recognition of radar modulation mode helps to better estimate radar echo parameters, thereby occupying an advantageous position in the radar electronic warfare (EW). The pure radar signal representation (PSR) is disentangled from the noise signal representation (NSR) through a feature disentangler and used to learn a radar signal modulation recognizer under low-SNR environments. Signal noise mutual information loss is proposed to enlarge the gap between the PSR and the NSR.
  • 770
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Near-Field WPT Technology in UAV Charging
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used in the military and civil fields. However, the battery power is a key factor that restricts the operation range of the UAV. Using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to power UAVs can improve the endurance of UAVs and enhance their maneuverability and flexibility.
  • 766
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Logic Operations Based on Memristive Devices
Memristor, as a promising computing and memory integration device, offers a new research idea for the conventional logic circuit structure and architecture innovation, given its non-volatility, scalability, low power consumption, fast switching speed, etc. A brief overview of the characteristics and current status of memoristor-based logic circuits,and analyzes their applications in numerical expression and memory were introduced here. The benefits and drawbacks of various analog logic circuit structures are summarized and compared. In addition, some solution strategies for these issues are presented. The prospects for the applications of memristors in logic implementation of large-scale memristor arrays, the novel structure of computing in-memory, and neural network computing were described.
  • 766
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their potential to improve data rates.
  • 763
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ITO Electrodes
The very common electrode in the LC cells, i.e., ITO, is well known for its refractive index modulation property. In the regimes of low addressed electrostatic potential and visible optical power, it can act quite semiconducting due to the charge carriers’ redistributions with a low density in the laser beam spot. A challenge was the understanding of the sources of the SPR effect in the NLC cells; it was found that the electron-hole-pair production and subsequent transport can happen in the ITO thin layer in addition to the orientant, where the residing charge carriers in the beam spot can be effectively neutralized due to the photo-induced low conductivity. In the semiconducting operating mode of the ITO layer, a fringe electric field with its tangent element to the LC confining surfaces (equipped with ITO) was induced which results in the LC director field realignment parallel to the cell surfaces (irrespective of the sign of the dielectric anisotropy), hence the SPR effect. 
  • 761
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Development of Renewable Energy in China
Renewable energy is now the world’s most reliable and sustainable solution to environmental pollution, the energy crisis, and social sustainability. In order to regulate renewable energies and ensure the sustainable development of renewable energy in China, a regulatory framework is imperative. In 2020, China’s electricity generation and consumption increased by 0.9 and 1.3 percent annually, respectively, producing capacity of power plants increased by 5.6 GW, coal consumption of power supply decreased by 4.3 g/kWh, power generation projects investment increased by 51.6 billion RMB, power grid projects investment decreased by 1.8 billion RMB, and newly installed generation capacity increased by 769 GW year on year (YOY). During the first three quarters of 2021, the generation, consumption and coal consumption of electricity increased respectively by 10.7 and 12.9%, the generating capacity of power plants increased by 9.4 GW, the average coal consumption of power supply decreased by 0.9 g/kWh, power generation projects investment increased by 1.8 billion RMB, while power grid projects investment decreased by 0.3 billion RMB and new generation capacity added around 20.16 GW compared to the same period last year. Furthermore, domestic power consumption grew by 6.0% and 7%, respectively, in 2020–2021. 
  • 760
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Power Converters in Robotics
The effectiveness and performance of the robot’s manipulative actions in any field of operation primarily depend on the dynamic response of its internal drive system. Power converters play a pivotal role in robotics by facilitating efficient energy conversion and management. 
  • 760
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles Review
Plug-in electric vehicles refer to vehicles that are powered by electricity from off-vehicle sources or can be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft, and electric spacecraft. The literature covering Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs) contains many charging/discharging strategies. However, none of the review papers covers such strategies in a complete fashion where all patterns of EVs charging/discharging are identified.
  • 759
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Monitoring Lower-Limb Strength
Lower-limb strength is a marker of functional decline in elders. The present entry describes different technological approaches for older people to measure their lower-limb strength in the community. The first section holds an explanation of functional decline, the frailty syndrome and their relationship to lower-limb strength. The second section holds a description of wearable technologies based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) for lower-limb strength monitoring. Finally, the third section holds a description of the main challenges concerning portable ultrasound-based sensors for lower-limb strength monitoring.
  • 757
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Technologies for 3D Localization
Due to the uniqueness of each indoor environment and the immaturity and cost of various technologies (e.g., UWB, mmWave), there are no established standards for indoor positioning systems yet. In practice, each installation is adapted to spatial dimensions, structural materials, accuracy specifications and budget restrictions. Therefore, several different wireless positioning techniques and algorithms are currently being utilized and several more have been reported in the literature, which take advantage of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ultrawideband (UWB), mmWave, cellular (2G–6G), etc. The importance of such technologies is their integration in modern smart devices. Alternative non-radio technologies applied in modern systems are ultrasound, inertial sensors and Visible Light Communication (VLC).
  • 757
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Types of Cyber Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
Several critical infrastructures are integrating information technology into their operations, and as a result, the cyber attack surface extends over a broad range of these infrastructures. Cyber attacks have been a serious problem for industries since the early 2000s, causing significant interruptions to their ability to produce goods or offer services to their clients. The thriving cybercrime economy encompasses money laundering, black markets, and attacks on cyber-physical systems that result in service disruptions. Furthermore, extensive data breaches have compromised the personally identifiable information of millions of people.
  • 757
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Electropolymerization for Neuromorphic Engineering 
Electropolymerization is a bottom-up materials engineering process of micro/nanoscale that utilizes electrical signals to deposit conducting dendrites morphologies by a redox reaction in the liquid phase. It resembles synaptogenesis in the brain, in which the electrical stimulation in the brain causes the formation of synapses from the cellular neural composites. The strategy has been recently explored for neuromorphic engineering by establishing link between the electrical signals and the dendrites' shapes. Since the geometry of these structures determines their electrochemical properties, understanding the mechanisms that regulate polymer assembly under electrically programmed conditions is an important aspect, which is briefly reviewed here.
  • 755
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
UAVs toward Future Transportation
The adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in numerous sectors is projected to grow exponentially in the future as technology advances and regulation evolves. One of the promising applications of UAVs is in transportation systems. As the current transportation system is moving towards Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), UAVs are going to play a major role in the functioning of ITS.
  • 751
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles for Urban
With the concept of Internet-of-Things, autonomous vehicles can provide higher driving efficiency, traffic safety, and freedom for the driver to perform other tasks. This paper first covers enabling technology involving a vehicle moving out of parking, traveling on the road, and parking at the destination. The development of autonomous vehicles relies on the data collected for deployment in actual road conditions. Research gaps and recommendations for autonomous intelligent vehicles are included
  • 750
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain and Energy Internet
Emergence of the Energy Internet (EI) demands restructuring of traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed Generation (DG). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive technology enabler for the realization of EI to facilitate reliable, self-operated energy delivery. 
  • 750
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Printing Methods to Fabricate Receptor Layers of Gas Sensors
Printing technologies are nowadays an integral element of contemporary materials science applied to development of low-cost gas sensors and multisensor arrays for many applications including a development of lab-on- chips. These protocols ensure automating of technological processes, a reproducibility of microstructural and functional characteristics with a reduced time necessary for the receptor material deposition over substrates. At the same time, using an accurate positioning system improves significantly the targeting of the substance, while the dosing setups allow to ensure a high control over the volume of discretely or continuously applied inks. The printing technologies enable forming planar receptor structures, even under a complex geometry, at various thicknesses and porosity with the required spatial resolution to be in nanometer micrometer ranges. Some methods, as dip-pen nanolithography, nano-imprinting lithography, and microcontact printing, are more suitable for discrete miniature devices with unique characteristics owing to the labor-intensive and multi-step procedures, while other ones, as ink-jet printing, aerosol jet printing or microextrusion printing, can be used quite easily in scaling the procedures to design gas sensors, including a rapid tuning of their geometric parameters without a necessity to prepare appropriate stencils and masks in advance. While designing the gas-sensor receptor materials, a great variety of printing technologies are used these days which vary both in the principle of operation and in such parameters as printing speed, spatial resolution, thickness of the formed coatings, and their microstructure, etc.
  • 749
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Performance and Modelling of AC Transmission
Performance modelling is the abstraction of a real system into a simplified representation to enable the prediction of performance. The creation of a model can provide insight into how a proposed or actual system will or does work. This can, however, point towards different things to people belonging to different fields of work. Performance modelling has many benefits, which includes: A model will often be created specifically so that it can be interpreted by a software tool that simulates the system's behaviour, based on the information contained in the performance model. Such tools provide further insight into the system's behaviour and can be used to identify bottlenecks or hot spots where the design is inadequate. Solutions to the problems identified might involve the provision of more physical resources or change in the structure of the design. Performance modelling is found helpful, in case of: Modelling of a transmission line is done to analyse its performance and characteristics. The gathered information vis simulating the model can be used to reduce losses or to compensate these losses. Moreover, it gives more insight into the working of transmission lines and helps to find a way to improve the overall transmission efficiency with minimum cost.
  • 749
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrical Contacts
An electrical contact is an electrical circuit component found in electrical switches, relays, connectors and circuit breakers. Each contact is a piece of electrically conductive material, typically metal. When a pair of contacts touch, they can pass an electrical current with a certain contact resistance, dependent on surface structure, surface chemistry and contact time; when the pair is separated by an insulating gap, then the pair does not pass a current. When the contacts touch, the switch is closed; when the contacts are separated, the switch is open. The gap must be an insulating medium, such as air, vacuum, oil, SF6. Contacts may be operated by humans in push-buttons and switches, by mechanical pressure in sensors or machine cams, and electromechanically in relays. The surfaces where contacts touch are usually composed of metals such as silver or gold alloys that have high electrical conductivity, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and other properties.
  • 749
  • 04 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 50
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback