Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
TiO2 Nanoparticles Monitoring
In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has increasingly been used as an inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filter for sun protection. However, nano-TiO2 may also pose risks to the health of humans and the environment. Thus, to adequately assess its potential adverse effects, a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour and fate of TiO2 in different environments is crucial. Advances in analytical and modelling methods continue to improve researchers’ ability to quantify and determine the state of nano-TiO2 in various environments. However, due to the complexity of environmental and nanoparticle factors and their interplay, this remains a challenging and poorly resolved feat.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites Through Sol-Gel Chemistry
The “extra-situ” and “in situ” sol-gel routes to the synthesis of silica/epoxy nanocomposites are discussed. Based on the reported results, the “in situ” strategy is expected to be applicable to produce nanocomposites of different compositions for both filler than matrix nature and with dispersed phases more complex than the one already obtained till today with this simple and eco-friendly strategy.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
BN Nanostructures and BN-Based Nanohybrids
Due to its unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, such as a low specific density, large specific surface area, excellent thermal stability, oxidation resistance, low friction, good dispersion stability, enhanced adsorbing capacity, large interlayer shear force, and wide bandgap, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanostructures are of great interest in many fields. These include, but are not limited to, (i) heterogeneous catalysts, (ii) promising nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells and nanoparticles containing therapeutic agents to fight bacterial and fungal infections, (iii) reinforcing phases in metal, ceramics, and polymer matrix composites, (iv) additives to liquid lubricants, (v) substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, (vi) agents for boron neutron capture therapy, (vii) water purifiers, (viii) gas and biological sensors, and (ix) quantum dots, single photon emitters, and heterostructures for electronic, plasmonic, optical, optoelectronic, semiconductor, and magnetic devices. BNNPs and BN-based nanohybrids exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activity.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Smart Mask
The concept of “intelligence” in a material refers to its ability to sense, respond or react to external stimuli or changes in environmental conditions. Heated research interests have focused on the synthesis, optimization and application of materials that can respond to their environment or adjust their properties given external stimuli. Increased involvement of such intelligent or smart materials is witnessed in filtration membrane design. Face masks as wearables with integrated multifunctional sensors that detect human body physiological signals and surrounding environmental status have broadened the practical applications of their conventional function as air filters. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanosized particles produced by nearly all cell types, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and they carry their parent cell’s cytosolic components in their lumen, including RNA and various proteins. EVs can be broadly classified into three types by their biogenesis pathway: exosomes, microvesicles (ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. EVs can be decorated with surface molecules to enhance their targeting abilities. This can be accomplished by directly attaching targeting moieties to the EV surface or modifying EV-producing cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Application of Boron Carbon Nitride in Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are regarded as reliable energy storage devices to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, the relatively low capacitance and low energy density limit the practical application of supercapacitors. In this context, boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanomaterials have been extensively studied due to their chemical and thermal stability, high mechanical strength, as well as tunable bandgap. The specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitors can be significantly improved by fabricating nanostructured BCN-based electrode materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Nucleic Acid Complexes
An important advantage of Nucleic Acid (NA)-based therapies over synthetic drugs and protein treatments is the prospect of a more universal approach to designing therapies. Designing NAs with different sequences, for different targets, can be achieved by using the same technologies. This versatility and scalability of NA drug design and production on demand open the way for more efficient, affordable and personalized treatments in the future. However, the delivery of exogenous therapeutic NAs into the patients’ targeted cells is also challenging. Membrane-type lipids exhibiting permanent or transient cationic character have been shown to associate with NAs (anionic), forming nanosized lipid-NA complexes. These complexes form a wide variety of nanostructures, depending on the global formulation composition and properties of the lipids and NAs. Importantly, these different lipid-NA nanostructures interact with cells via different mechanisms and their therapeutic potential can be optimized to promising levels in vitro. The complexes are also highly customizable in terms of surface charge and functionalization to allow a wide range of targeting and smart-release properties. Most importantly, these synthetic particles offer possibilities for scaling-up and affordability for the population at large. Hence, the versatility and scalability of these particles seem ideal to accommodate the versatility that NA therapies offer.   
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nanostrctured Anodic Oxides
Anodic oxides is part of energy conversion and storage devices.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Surface by Aryl Groups
Arylated nanotubes are characterized by extended solubility, and are widely used in photoelectronics, semiconductor technology, and bioelectrocatalysis. The main emphasis is on arylation methods according to the radical mechanism, such as the Gomberg–Bachmann and Billups reactions, and the decomposition of peroxides. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Modeling/Performance Analysis of Nanocarbon Interconnects
As the interconnect delay exceeds the gate delay, the integrated circuit (IC) technology has evolved from a transistor-centric era to an interconnect-centric era. Conventional metallic interconnects face several serious challenges in aspects of performance and reliability. To address these issues, nanocarbon materials, including carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene, have been proposed as promising candidates for interconnect applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation
Environmental pollution deriving from anthropogenic activities is nowadays a serious problem that afflicts our planet and that cannot be neglected. Nanotechnologies and new performing nanomaterials, thanks to their unique features, such as high surface area (surface/volume ratio), catalytic capacity, reactivity and easy functionalization to chemically modulate their properties, represent potential for the development of sustainable, advanced and innovative products/techniques for environmental (bio)remediation. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs; related to metals or noble metals such as M = Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Al, Ag, Au, Cu) are nanomaterials with physical and chemical properties that differ from bulk materials due to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Application of Nanomaterials in Microbial Electrolysis Cells
Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) are one of the bioreactors that have been used to produce bio-hydrogen by biological methods. Nanomaterials, especially when used to produce bio-hydrogen using MEC, are distinguished by their high electrical conductivity, high interaction surface area, high durability of materials, high catalytic ability to produce bio-hydrogen in MEC, biocompatibility with microorganisms and non-toxicity.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Colon Carcinomas
Colon carcinomas themselves comprise over two-thirds of all colorectal cancers with an overall 5-year survival rate of 64%, which rapidly decreases to 14% when the cancer becomes metastatic. Depending on the stage of colon carcinoma at diagnosis, patients can undergo surgery to attempt complete tumor resection or move directly to chemotherapy with one or a combination of drugs. As with most cancers, colon carcinomas do not always respond to chemotherapies, so targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been developed to aid chemotherapy. We report the development of a local combination therapy for colon carcinoma whereby chemo- and immuno-therapeutic entities are delivered intratumorally to maximize efficacy and minimize off-target side effects. A hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel (DTX), and cholesterol-modified Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG (cho-CpG) oligonucleotide are co-loaded in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanodiscs. In vivo survival analysis of MC-38 tumor-bearing mice treated intratumorally with DTX-sHDL/CpG (median survival; MS = 43 days) showed significant improvement in overall survival compared to mice treated with single agents, free DTX (MS = 23 days, p <0.0001) or DTX-sHDL (MS = 28 days, p<0.0001). Two of seven mice treated with DTX-sHDL/CpG experienced complete tumor regression. None of the mice experienced any systemic toxicity as indicated by body weight maintenance and normal serum enzyme and protein levels. In summary, we have demonstrated that chemo- and immuno-therapies can be co-loaded into sHDLs, delivered locally to the tumor, and can be used to improve survival outcomes significantly compared to chemotherapy alone.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanostructured Materials for COVID-19 Prevention
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised great concerns about human health globally. Prevention and vaccination are still the most efficient ways to slow down the pandemic and to treat SARS-CoV-2 in various aspects.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
Compared with micro-scale cosmetics, nanomaterial-based cosmetics present unique attributes. Nanomaterials (NMs) have a larger contact surface, allowing for longer-lasting and more efficient effects. Their use is already widespread and can be commonly found in sunscreens, where they assume the function of making the product optically transparent as well as providing protection against solar radiation, or in cosmetic products, such as make-up with long-lasting color effect. Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications and has become an interesting and relevant technology in the biomedical, optical, mechanical, electronic, and cosmetic fields and in the food industry. In the cosmetic field, NMs have been extensively explored as ingredients in cosmetic products. However, the changes in the physicochemical properties of a material at nanoscale can lead to changes in their biokinetic and biological interactions and effects, compared with their macrosized equivalents. This means that some NMs could have potential intrinsic hazards that are not observed in their non-nano form.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Technology
Novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). This Editorial Review by Dr. Seemesh Bhaskar, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provides a spotlight on the latest developments in SPCE substrate engineering to the broad audience of photo-plasmonics, spectroscopy, micro- & nanotechnology, life sciences, thin films and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 PUFAs and OvCa
Different strategies have been investigated for a more satisfactory treatment of advanced breast cancer, including the adjuvant use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These nutritional compounds have been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities, the capacity to affect transduction pathways/receptors involved in cell growth and to reprogram tumor microenvironment. Omega-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations designed for drug delivery in breast cancer were shown to potentiate the effects of enclosed drugs, enhance drug delivery to target sites, and minimize drug-induced side effects.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanomedicine and Brain Tumors
A brain tumor, a tumor that develops within the skull, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply out of control. Although more than 150 types of brain tumors have been reported, they are macroscopically divided into primary and metastatic groups. Tumors that arise directly from the brain tissue or surrounding the brain are classified as primary brain tumors.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tellurium Nanotubes and Chemical Analogues
Tellurium (Te), the most metallic semiconductor, has been widely explored in recent decades owing to its fantastic properties such as a tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, high thermal conductivity, and in-plane anisotropy. Many references have witnessed the rapid development of synthesizing diverse Te geometries with controllable shapes, sizes, and structures in different strategies. In all types of Te nanostructures, Te with one-dimensional (1D) hollow internal structures, especially nanotubes (NTs), have attracted extensive attention and been utilized in various fields of applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fish Industry Waste and Electrochemical Energy Systems
Fish industry waste is attracting growing interest for the production of environmentally friendly materials for several different applications, due to the potential for reduced environmental impact and increased socioeconomic benefits. Recently, the application of fish industry waste for the synthesis of value-added materials and energy storage systems represents a feasible route to strengthen the overall sustainability of energy storage product lines. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Dec 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 42
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback