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Topic Review
Application of Boron Carbon Nitride in Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are regarded as reliable energy storage devices to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, the relatively low capacitance and low energy density limit the practical application of supercapacitors. In this context, boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanomaterials have been extensively studied due to their chemical and thermal stability, high mechanical strength, as well as tunable bandgap. The specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitors can be significantly improved by fabricating nanostructured BCN-based electrode materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanosensors for Reactive Organophosphates
Reactive organophosphates (OPs) comprise of collectively a group of phosphorous-based toxic chemicals that cause life-threatening toxic symptoms in humans. These include nerve agents and agricultural pesticides. Nanomaterial applications offer a high potential in developing nanosensors for sensitive OP detection and quantitative analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
This entry analyzed the different roles of nanomaterials, such as contrast agent and dose enhancer, in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. Moreover, the review discussed the underlying mechanisms of nanomaterials including physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Some new applications of nanomaterials as theranostic agents are explored. Through a thorough understanding of the recent advances in nanomaterial application in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy, we identified new directions for the optimization and clinical transformation of nanomaterials.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Carbon Dots on Crop Growth
Carbon dots are carbon-based nanoparticles, which have the characteristics of a simple preparation process, photoluminescence, biocompatibility, an adjustable surface function, water solubility, and low-level toxicity. They are widely used in biological applications, such as imaging, biosensing, photocatalysis, and molecular transfer. They have also aroused great interest among researchers in agriculture, and there has been significant progress in improving crop growth and production. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pt Nanocatalyst in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
Fuel cells (FCs) provide electricity via the generation of ion carriers by electrocatalysis at the electrodes as well as a positive or negative ion transport mechanism and direction of motion through electrolyte membranes. Pt nanomaterials are used in the catalytic layer components of low-temperature FCs associated with the clean H2 fuel industry, which are the most successful and typical examples of generating clean electric energy and power.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites Through Sol-Gel Chemistry
The “extra-situ” and “in situ” sol-gel routes to the synthesis of silica/epoxy nanocomposites are discussed. Based on the reported results, the “in situ” strategy is expected to be applicable to produce nanocomposites of different compositions for both filler than matrix nature and with dispersed phases more complex than the one already obtained till today with this simple and eco-friendly strategy.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide in Sensors
Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is an important template for 1D nanomaterial synthesis. It is used as an etching template for nanopattern transfer in a variety of contexts, including nanostructured material synthesis, electrical sensors, optical sensors, photonic and electronic devices, photocatalysis, and hardness and anticorrosion improvement.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation
Environmental pollution deriving from anthropogenic activities is nowadays a serious problem that afflicts our planet and that cannot be neglected. Nanotechnologies and new performing nanomaterials, thanks to their unique features, such as high surface area (surface/volume ratio), catalytic capacity, reactivity and easy functionalization to chemically modulate their properties, represent potential for the development of sustainable, advanced and innovative products/techniques for environmental (bio)remediation. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs; related to metals or noble metals such as M = Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Al, Ag, Au, Cu) are nanomaterials with physical and chemical properties that differ from bulk materials due to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology for Blood–Brain Barrier Crossing
Nanomedicine is currently focused on the design and development of nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery to the brain to address unmet clinical needs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Polymer and lipid-based drug carriers are advantageous for delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) due to their safety profiles, drug-loading capacity, and controlled-release properties. Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) are reported to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and have been extensively assessed in in vitro and animal models of glioblastoma, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disease. Since approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of intranasal esketamine for treatment of major depressive disorder, intranasal administration has emerged as an attractive route to bypass the BBB for drug delivery to the CNS. NPs can be specifically designed for intranasal administration by tailoring their size and coating with mucoadhesive agents or other moieties that promote transport across the nasal mucosa.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanosized particles produced by nearly all cell types, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and they carry their parent cell’s cytosolic components in their lumen, including RNA and various proteins. EVs can be broadly classified into three types by their biogenesis pathway: exosomes, microvesicles (ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. EVs can be decorated with surface molecules to enhance their targeting abilities. This can be accomplished by directly attaching targeting moieties to the EV surface or modifying EV-producing cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tellurium Nanotubes and Chemical Analogues
Tellurium (Te), the most metallic semiconductor, has been widely explored in recent decades owing to its fantastic properties such as a tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, high thermal conductivity, and in-plane anisotropy. Many references have witnessed the rapid development of synthesizing diverse Te geometries with controllable shapes, sizes, and structures in different strategies. In all types of Te nanostructures, Te with one-dimensional (1D) hollow internal structures, especially nanotubes (NTs), have attracted extensive attention and been utilized in various fields of applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Dots in Biotechnology and Food Technology
Materials with a “nano” structure are increasingly used in medicine and biotechnology as drug delivery systems, bioimaging agents or biosensors in the monitoring of toxic substances, heavy metals and environmental variations. Furthermore, in the food industry, they have found applications as detectors of food adulteration, microbial contamination and even in packaging for monitoring product freshness. Carbon dots (CDs) as materials with broad as well as unprecedented possibilities could revolutionize the economy, if only their synthesis was based on low-cost natural sources. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanostructured Resistive-Based Vanadium Oxide Gas Sensors
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a transition metal oxide with features such as high availability, good catalytic activity, unique electrical properties and high conductivity which are appropriate for gas sensing applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
TiO2 Nanoparticles Monitoring
In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has increasingly been used as an inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filter for sun protection. However, nano-TiO2 may also pose risks to the health of humans and the environment. Thus, to adequately assess its potential adverse effects, a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour and fate of TiO2 in different environments is crucial. Advances in analytical and modelling methods continue to improve researchers’ ability to quantify and determine the state of nano-TiO2 in various environments. However, due to the complexity of environmental and nanoparticle factors and their interplay, this remains a challenging and poorly resolved feat.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Nucleic Acid Complexes
An important advantage of Nucleic Acid (NA)-based therapies over synthetic drugs and protein treatments is the prospect of a more universal approach to designing therapies. Designing NAs with different sequences, for different targets, can be achieved by using the same technologies. This versatility and scalability of NA drug design and production on demand open the way for more efficient, affordable and personalized treatments in the future. However, the delivery of exogenous therapeutic NAs into the patients’ targeted cells is also challenging. Membrane-type lipids exhibiting permanent or transient cationic character have been shown to associate with NAs (anionic), forming nanosized lipid-NA complexes. These complexes form a wide variety of nanostructures, depending on the global formulation composition and properties of the lipids and NAs. Importantly, these different lipid-NA nanostructures interact with cells via different mechanisms and their therapeutic potential can be optimized to promising levels in vitro. The complexes are also highly customizable in terms of surface charge and functionalization to allow a wide range of targeting and smart-release properties. Most importantly, these synthetic particles offer possibilities for scaling-up and affordability for the population at large. Hence, the versatility and scalability of these particles seem ideal to accommodate the versatility that NA therapies offer.   
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Technology
Novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). This Editorial Review by Dr. Seemesh Bhaskar, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provides a spotlight on the latest developments in SPCE substrate engineering to the broad audience of photo-plasmonics, spectroscopy, micro- & nanotechnology, life sciences, thin films and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metal Oxide Based Nano-Photocatalysts as Antiviral Agents
Photocatalysis, a unique process that occurs in the presence of light radiation, can potentially be utilized to control environmental pollution, and improve the health of society. Photocatalytic removal, or disinfection, of chemical and biological species has been known for decades; its extension to indoor environments in public places has always been challenging. Many efforts have been made in this direction since the COVID-19 pandemic started. The development of efficient photocatalytic nanomaterials through modifications to improve their photoactivity under ambient conditions for fighting with such a pandemic situation is a high research priority. Several metal oxides-based nano-photocatalysts have been designed to work efficiently in outdoor and indoor environments for the photocatalytic disinfection of biological species. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
Compared with micro-scale cosmetics, nanomaterial-based cosmetics present unique attributes. Nanomaterials (NMs) have a larger contact surface, allowing for longer-lasting and more efficient effects. Their use is already widespread and can be commonly found in sunscreens, where they assume the function of making the product optically transparent as well as providing protection against solar radiation, or in cosmetic products, such as make-up with long-lasting color effect. Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications and has become an interesting and relevant technology in the biomedical, optical, mechanical, electronic, and cosmetic fields and in the food industry. In the cosmetic field, NMs have been extensively explored as ingredients in cosmetic products. However, the changes in the physicochemical properties of a material at nanoscale can lead to changes in their biokinetic and biological interactions and effects, compared with their macrosized equivalents. This means that some NMs could have potential intrinsic hazards that are not observed in their non-nano form.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Platform for Advancing Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, public health, healthcare systems, and the world economy. Vaccination emerged as the most effective strategy to combat this infectious disease. For vaccination strategies, any conventional vaccine approach using attenuated live or inactivated/engineered virus, as well as other approaches, typically requires years of research and assessment. However, the urgency of the situation promoted a faster and more effective approach to vaccine development against COVID-19. The role of nanotechnology in designing, manufacturing, boosting, and delivering vaccines to the host to counter this virus was unquestionably valued and assessed.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Copolymer-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
The highest energy conversion efficiencies are typically shown by lead-containing piezoelectric materials, but the harmful environmental impacts of lead and its toxicity limit future use. At the bulk scale, lead-based piezoelectric materials have significantly higher piezoelectric properties when compared to lead-free piezoelectric materials. However, at the nanoscale, the piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric material can be significantly larger than the bulk scale. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2024
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