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Topic Review
Radiation Sensitivity in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is a condition in which individuals have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer when compared to the general population. BRCA1 repair associated (BRCA1) and BRCA2 repair associated (BRCA2) genes are tumor suppressor genes that play a crucial role in cell, by repairing DNA damage. 
  • 3.3K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Bank Diversification and Firm Investment Decisions
Firms are financially constrained as well as there being a positive relationship between cash flow and investment among listed firms. Additionally, bank diversification significantly reduces the investment-cash flow sensitivity of firms, suggesting that bank diversification mitigates the financial constraints to borrowing firms. Moreover, the multi-diversification of a bank compared to single-diversification will have greater impact on mitigating the firms’ financial constraints on investment. Thus, bank diversification strategies are proposed in a bank-based financial system, leading to the easing of the borrowing firms’ financial constraints to investments.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Oncogenic Potential of SARS-CoV-2
Some viruses are known to be associated with the onset of specific cancers. Seven of these microorganisms, recognized as oncogenic viruses or oncoviruses, promote tumorigenesis in humans, converting normal cells into cancer cells through the modulation of central metabolic pathways or the impairment of genomic integrity mechanisms, consequently inhibiting the apoptotic machinery and/or enhancing cell proliferation. Actually, research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression may predispose recovered patients to cancer onset and accelerate cancer development. This hypothesis is based on the growing evidence regarding the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate oncogenic pathways, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and causing tissue damage. As for SARS-CoV-2, its role as an oncogenic virus seems to occur through the inhibition of oncosuppressors or controlling the metabolic and autophagy pathways in the infected cells. On the other hand, looking at the SARS-CoV-2─cancer relationship from an opposite perspective, oncolytic effects and anti-tumor immune response were triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in some cases.
  • 3.3K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Antioxidants for Patients with Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain. Pain is the predominant symptom; allodynia and hyperalgesia are also frequent. These patients also present severe fatigue, impaired cognition, and sleep disturbance, among others. In recent years, antioxidant supplements have become popular to counteract the effects of oxidative stress in fibromyalgia and one of its most distressing symptoms, pain. 
  • 3.3K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Sound Attenuators
A sound attenuator, or duct silencer, sound trap, or muffler, is a noise control acoustical treatment of Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) ductwork designed to reduce transmission of noise through the ductwork, either from equipment into occupied spaces in a building, or between occupied spaces. In its simplest form, a sound attenuator consists of an baffle within the ductwork. These baffles often contain sound-absorbing materials. The physical dimensions and baffle configuration of sound attenuators are selected to attenuate a specific range of frequencies. Unlike conventional internally-lined ductwork, which is only effective at attenuating mid- and high-frequency noise, sound attenuators can achieve broader band attenuation in relatively short lengths. Certain types of sound attenuators are essentially a Helmholtz resonator used as a passive noise-control device.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cosmology
Cosmology (from grc κόσμος (kósmos) 'world', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe. The term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's Glossographia, and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in Cosmologia Generalis. Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation myths and eschatology. In the science of astronomy it is concerned with the study of the chronology of the universe. Physical cosmology is the study of the observable universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe, including the laws of science that govern these areas. It is investigated by scientists, such as astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and time. Because of this shared scope with philosophy, theories in physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions, and may depend upon assumptions that cannot be tested. Physical cosmology is a sub-branch of astronomy that is concerned with the Universe as a whole. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics; more specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model. Theoretical astrophysicist David N. Spergel has described cosmology as a "historical science" because "when we look out in space, we look back in time" due to the finite nature of the speed of light.
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Kīla (Buddhism)
The kīla or phurba (Sanskrit Devanagari: कील; IAST: kīla; Tibetan: ཕུར་པ or ཕུར་བ, Wylie: phur ba, alternate transliterations and English orthographies: phurpa, phurbu, purbha, or phurpu) is a three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail-like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Bön, and Indian Vedic traditions. The kīla is associated with the practice of the yidam (Sanskrit ishtadevata, Tibetan yidam) or meditational deity Vajrakīla (वज्रकील) or Vajrakīlaya (Tibetan Dorje Phurba).
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nafion-Based Membrane
Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane (PEM), has been widely used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to serve as a proton carrier, methanol barrier, and separator for the anode and cathode. A significant drawback of Nafion in DMFC applications is the high anode-to-cathode methanol fuel permeability that results in over 40% fuel waste.
  • 3.3K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Gel Blasters
Gel blasters, also known as gel guns, gel shooters, gel markers, hydro markers, hydro blasters, water bead blasters or gelsoft, are toy guns similar in design to airsoft guns, but the projectiles they shoot are 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) superabsorbent polymer water beads (most commonly sodium polyacrylate, colloquially called water beads, hydrogel balls, gel balls, water bullets or simply gels), which are often sold commercially as moisture retainers for gardening and pot/vase floriculture. Gel blasters are often played in CQB-style shooting skirmishes similar to paintball by squads or local clubs of enthusiasts often referred to as "gelballers", but follow an airsoft-like honor-based gameplay umpiring system. MilSim games involving players wearing camouflage and dump pouches are very popular, while "SpeedGel" players are more casual with team jerseys and often wear paintball masks. In addition to safety gear such as eye protections, the sport is heavily regulated on the field and players must adhere to safety rules.
  • 3.3K
  • 20 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Trace Minerals in Animal Nutrition
Trace mineral refers to the nutritional elements added to production and companion animal diets in micro quantities. They are involved in structural, physiological, catalytic, and regulatory functions in animals. The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Broadband Power Line
Broadband Power Line (BPL) communications are enlisted to play an important role in the development of new Smart Grid (SG) services and applications, due to the high-performance features that will be demanded in the transformation of the electrical grid model in the next few years. BPL communications are the most immediate and affordable answer to the SG challenge in the distribution grid. While Smart Metering has been instrumental to reaching the outer edge of the grid (i.e., the customer), the capability to deploy broadband communications through the grid is not just a question of the natural evolution of telecommunication technologies but is a requirement for accomplishing the SG evolution. In particular, BPL technologies are a key tool for the control and monitoring of secondary substations. They will also be essential in the distribution grid, in terms of PQ monitoring and distribution generation, especially considering the growth of solar and wind power sources and the progressive introduction of massive EV fleets, with hundreds of vehicles charging and discharging at the same time. In addition, BPL technologies have a great potential towards the diagnosis of the power grid and security assurance. The methods for cable health monitoring are mainly based on the topological parameters of the network, physical properties of the cable, and the measured Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, while other methods include simulations and diagnostics solutions.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Water Purification
While water shortage across the world is threatening the well-being of the human community, emerging advanced technologies targeted to address this challenge are promising. In this regard, nanomaterials have played a crucial role.  Nanomaterials, i.e., those materials which have at least one dimension in the 1–100 nm size range, have produced a new generation of technologies for water purification. This includes nanosized adsorbents, nanomembranes, photocatalysts, etc. Stemming from extraordinary structural characteristics and size scale of nanomaterials, the nanostructured membranes/adsorbents enable water purification with a high efficiency in terms of pollutants removal and water permeability, thereby reducing energy consumption and cost. 
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Attention-Setting and Human Mental Function: An Introduction
Adapted from the longer article  [url link to original article] This entry provides an introduction to experimental research on top-down human attention in complex scenes, written for cognitive scientists in general. The entry emphasizes effects of human goals and intention on mental function, measured with behavioral experiments. Top-down attention is described as attention-setting — an open category of skillful mental actions that initiate particular task sets, which are assembled from a wide range of mental processes. Experimental research on visual search, task switching, and temporal attention is outlined and extended to the important human time scale of seconds.
  • 3.3K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
HRM–CSR–SP Relationship
Human Resource Management–Corporate Social Responsibility–Sustainable Performance (HRM–CSR–SP) relationship is considered as a strong theoretical foundation where HRM is critical in educating firms on the values of CSR and leading behaviors to pursue a sustainable performance. This relationship explains the organizations’ behaviors towards developing and implementing CSR policies into strategic and operational decisions by engaging their employees supported by HRM practices to achieve sustainable performance (social, environmental, financial performance).
  • 3.3K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cache Placement Policies
Cache is a memory which holds the recently utilized data by the processor. A block of memory cannot be placed randomly in the cache and is restricted to a single cache line by the “Placement Policy”. In other words, Placement Policy determines where a particular memory block can be placed when it goes into the cache. There are three different policies available for placement of a memory block in the cache.
  • 3.3K
  • 06 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Climatic Changes on Cucumber Growth, Flower, Fruit Development
Environmental changes, both natural and anthropogenic, mainly related to rising temperatures and water scarcity, are clearly visible around the world. Climate change is important for crop production and is a major issue for the growth and productivity of cucumbers. Processes such as sex determination, flower morphogenesis and fruit development in cucumbers are highly sensitive to various forms of stress induced by climatic changes.
  • 3.3K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Soyuz 11
Soyuz 11 (Russian: Союз 11, lit. 'Union 11') was the only crewed mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1 (Soyuz 10 had soft-docked, but had not been able to enter due to latching problems). The crew, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev, arrived at the space station on 7 June 1971, and departed on 29 June 1971. The mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. The three crew members of Soyuz 11 are the only humans to have died in space.
  • 3.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Disorders of Sex Development
Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are medical conditions involving the reproductive system. More specifically, these terms refer to "congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical." The term has been controversial, and research has shown that affected people experience a negative impact, with the terminology impacting choice and utilization of health care providers. The World Health Organization and many medical journals still reference DSDs as intersex traits or conditions. The Council of Europe and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have called for a review of medical classifications that unnecessarily medicalize intersex traits.
  • 3.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Moho (Anime Studio)
Moho is a proprietary vector-based 2D animation software distributed by Smith Micro Software. Moho, (formerly known as Anime Studio), was originally distributed by LostMarble, and then by e frontier. Smith Micro Software has distributed Anime Studio since November 2007. The software comes in two different versions, Moho Debut and Moho Pro. The first being restricted in terms of length and image size, as well as not containing all of the functions of the Pro version. Anime Studio is available for Windows and Macintosh operating systems in English, German, Japanese and Spanish (Since version 9.2). Moho Pro no longer supports the Linux platform.
  • 3.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Taxol Biosynthetic Pathway
Taxol is one of the most effective anticancer drugs in the world that is widely used in the treatment of several cancers. The elucidation of the taxol biosynthetic pathway is the key to solve the problem of taxol supply. So far, the taxol biosynthetic pathway has been reported to require an estimated 20 steps of enzymatic reactions, and most of enzymes involved have been well characterized. In details, the source and formation of the taxane core and the process of the downstream synthetic pathway have been basically depicted, while the modification of the core taxane skeleton has not been fully reported, mainly concerning the developments from diol intermediates to 2-debenzoyltaxane. 
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Jun 2021
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