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Topic Review
AI Technologies for Identifying Plagiarism: A Comprehensive Review
This paper reviews some of the popular artificial intelligence (AI) tools used for detecting plagiarism, a major concern in both academic and professional writing. AI-driven tools provide an effective means to identify and deter plagiarism by using various methods such as lexical analysis, text pattern matching, and natural language processing (NLP). By integrating deep learning algorithms, these tools have enhanced their ability to analyze and compare texts for similarities across multiple sources. They are capable of quickly and accurately identifying duplicated text, detecting writing style similarities, and uncovering potential self-plagiarism instances. The paper will compare these AI tools in terms of accuracy, efficiency, cost, scope, user-friendliness, reporting features, and customer support.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 May 2025
Topic Review
Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Clay-based polymer nanocomposites are often referred to as polymer layered silicates, nanostructured polymers, or simply polymer nanocomposites. These polymers are reinforced with inorganic particles containing at least one dimension in the nanometric scale (<100 nm). Compared to traditional composites (macro- or microscale), polymer nanocomposites offer the opportunity to explore new behaviors and functionalities beyond conventional polymers. Nanoparticles often strongly influence the mechanical properties of polymers in very low volume fractions due to the relatively short distance between nanoparticles, molecular compatibility, and interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer chains.
  • 3.3K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Dentistry
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have been found to be beneficial tools for clinical practice and for enhancing the learning experiences of students during their pre-clinical education and training sessions. Clinicians can use VR technology to show their patients the expected outcomes before the undergo dental procedures. Additionally, AR and VR can be implemented to overcome dental phobia, which is commonly experienced by pediatric patients. Future studies should focus on forming technological standards with high-quality data and developing scientifically-proven AR/VR gadgets for dental practice. 
  • 3.3K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Goalkeeper CIWS
Goalkeeper is a Dutch close-in weapon system (CIWS) introduced in 1979. It is an autonomous and completely automatic weapon system for short-range defence of ships against highly manoeuvrable missiles, aircraft and fast-manoeuvering surface vessels. Once activated the system automatically undertakes the entire air defence process from surveillance and detection to destruction, including the selection of the next priority target.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functional Fruit Juices
Lately, consumers are increasingly concerned about their dieting, hence expect to eat foods that will improve their well-being and health: This can be achieved by eating foods with added functional components. Fast-paced modern lifestyle reduces time to consume fresh fruits and vegetables, so people prefer to consume juices, and that caused demand for functional fruit juices to grow rapidly. Accordingly, the recent trends in juice and beverage industry are oriented towards production of functional juices and drinks with various raw materials, such as vitamins and their precursors, minerals, biologically active compounds (BACs; e.g. polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, tannins, etc.), antioxidants, probiotics and prebiotics. Due to respectable nutritive value, fruit juices were found to be an excellent carriers or delivery vehicles of probiotic bacteria. Juices produced from “superfruits” can be considered excellent functional matrices, because they contain a high proportion of various types of BACs. Further, fruit juices with added probiotics (e.g. lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and prebiotics (e.g. lactulose, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, etc.) are becoming popular beverages among consumers.
  • 3.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Redox Flow Batteries
Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) are electrochemical energy storage devices that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible oxidation and reduction of the working fluids. Redox flow batteries are considered by many to be a promising technology for the storage of energy for days or even weeks. Other advantages of RFBs are modularly and the ability to change the output power and energy capacity independently, by changing the size and number of cells in a stack and by adjusting the volume of electrolyte. Also, RFBs show a long lifecycle compared to lithium-ion batteries.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Effects of Graviola
A member of the Annonaceae (Custard-apple family), Annona muricata, commonly known as soursop, graviola, paw-paw, or “guanabana”, is a tree native to Central America and West Indies that is abundant at altitudes lower than 900 m above sea level.
  • 3.3K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Components and Production of Asphalt Mixture
The environmental concerns of global warming and energy consumption are among the most severe issues and challenges facing human beings worldwide. Due to the relatively higher predicted temperatures (150–180 °C), the latest research on pavement energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission assessment mentioned contributing to higher environmental burdens such as air pollution and global warming. However, warm-mix asphalt (WMA) was introduced by pavement researchers and the road construction industry instead of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce these environmental problems.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cosmetic Applications of Exopolysaccharides
Bacteria are well-known to synthesize high molecular weight polysaccharides excreted in extracellular domain, which constitute their protective microenvironment. Several bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are commercially available for skincare applications in cosmetic products due to their unique structural features, conferring valuable biological and/or textural properties.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Giant Cheetah
The giant cheetah (Acinonyx pardinensis) is an extinct felid species that was closely related to the modern cheetah.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Celestial Coordinate System
In astronomy, a celestial coordinate system (or celestial reference system) is a system for specifying positions of satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects relative to physical reference points available to a situated observer (e.g. the true horizon and north cardinal direction to an observer situated on the Earth's surface). Coordinate systems can specify an object's position in three-dimensional space or plot merely its direction on a celestial sphere, if the object's distance is unknown or trivial. The coordinate systems are implemented in either spherical or rectangular coordinates. Spherical coordinates, projected on the celestial sphere, are analogous to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of Earth. These differ in their choice of fundamental plane, which divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres along a great circle. Rectangular coordinates, in appropriate units, are simply the Cartesian equivalent of the spherical coordinates, with the same fundamental (x, y) plane and primary (x-axis) direction. Each coordinate system is named after its choice of fundamental plane.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Structure of SnO2
Tin oxide (SnO2) is a versatile n-type semiconductor with a wide bandgap of 3.6 eV that varies as a function of its polymorph, i.e., rutile, cubic or orthorhombic. Bulk SnO2 has a bandgap of ~~3.6 eV; however, experimental bandgaps range from 1.7 eV to 4 eV, thereupon widening its range of applications to photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Bandgap engineering is widely studied in SnO2, as it belongs to the family of transparent conducting oxides (TCO). Additionally, bandgaps can be controlled via parameters, such as synthesis routes and the application of a substrate-induced strain for thin-film growth that simultaneously produce intrinsic defects and structural changes. 
  • 3.3K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Acoustic Metamaterials for Architectural and Urban Noise Mitigations
Owing to a steep rise in urban population, there has been a continuous growth in construction of buildings, public or private transport like cars, motorbikes, trains, and planes at a global level. Hence, urban noise has become a major issue affecting the health and quality of human life. In the current environmental scenario, architectural acoustics has been directed towards controlling and manipulating sound waves at a desired level. Structural engineers and designers are moving towards green technologies, which may help improve the overall comfort level of residents. A variety of conventional sound absorbing materials are being used to reduce noise, but attenuation of low-frequency noise still remains a challenge. Recently, acoustic metamaterials that enable low-frequency sound manipulation, mitigation, and control have been widely used for architectural acoustics and traffic noise mitigation. 
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Biography
Arthur B. C. Walker Jr.
Arthur Bertram Cuthbert Walker Jr. (August 24, 1936 – April 29, 2001) was a solar physicist and a pioneer of EUV/XUV optics. He is most noted for having developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona. Two of his sounding rocket payloads, the Stanford/MSFC Rocket Spectroheliograph Experiment and the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array, recorded the first fu
  • 3.3K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog–GLI (HH) signaling plays an essential role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway through mutations or other mechanisms is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinomas. Activation of HH signaling sustains proliferation, suppresses cell death signals, enhances invasion and metastasis, deregulates cellular metabolism and promotes angiogenesis and tumor inflammation. Targeted inhibition of the HH pathway has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lipopolysaccharide in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are bacterial surface glycolipids, produced by Gram-negative bacteria. LPS is known to determine acute inflammatory reactions, particularly in the context of sepsis. However, LPS can also trigger chronic inflammation. In this case, the source of LPS is not an external infection, but rather an increase in endogenous production, which is usually sustained by gut microbiota (GM), and LPS contained in food. The first site in which LPS can exert its inflammatory action is the gut: both GM and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are influenced by LPS and shift towards an inflammatory pattern. The changes in GM and GALT induced by LPS are quite similar to the ones seen in IBD: GM loses diversity, while GALT T regulatory (Tregs) lymphocytes are reduced in number, with an increase in Th17 and Th1 lymphocytes. Additionally, the innate immune system is triggered, through the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, while the epithelium is directly damaged, further triggering inflammation.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
List of Minerals U–V (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letters U and V. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 3.3K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
EM-2 Rifle
The EM-2, also known as Rifle No.9 Mk1 or Janson rifle, was an experimental United Kingdom assault rifle. It was briefly adopted by British forces in 1951, but the decision was overturned very shortly thereafter by Winston Churchill's incoming government in an effort to secure NATO standardisation of small arms and ammunition. An innovative weapon with the compact bullpup layout and an optical sight, it used one of the early intermediate cartridges (a concept introduced by the Germans with the 7.92×33mm Kurz) as a result of combat experience and German advances in weapons design during World War II. It used the experimental, intermediate powered, but highly efficient .280 British round, which was designed to replace the venerable .303 round and Lee–Enfield rifle variants which had served since before the turn of the 20th century. The United States claimed the .280 British round was too weak for use in rifles and machine guns, and instead favored the much more powerful 7.62×51mm NATO round. As the EM-2 could not be easily adapted to the longer and more powerful round, it faded from use. However, the bullpup layout for a British service rifle was finally adopted some years later in form of the SA80 assault rifle, the EM-2's spiritual successor, which remains in service today.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Operation Mode and Architectures
Energy security and the resilience of electricity networks have gained critical momentum as subjects of research. The challenges of meeting the increasing electrical energy demands and the decarbonisation efforts necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change have highlighted the importance of microgrids for the effective integration of renewable energy sources. Microgrids (MGs) can operate in grid-connected and islanded operation. MG architectures are categorised as alternating current microgrid (ACMG), direct current microgrid (DCMG) and hybrid microgrid (HMG).
  • 3.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Disorders and Postpartum Reproduction in Dairy Cows
Early successful conception of postpartum dairy cows is crucial in determining the optimum reproductive efficiency and profitability in modern dairy farming. Due to the inherent high production potential of modern dairy cows, the extra stress burden of peri-parturient events, and associated endocrine and metabolic changes causes negative energy balance (NEBAL) in postpartum cows. The occurrence of NEBAL is associated with excessive fat mobilization in the form of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The phenomenon of NEFA mobilization furthers with occurrence of ketosis and fatty liver in postpartum dairy cows. High NEFAs and ketones are negatively associated with health and reproductive processes. An additional burden of hypocalcemia, ruminal acidosis, and high protein metabolism in postpartum cows presents further consequences for health and reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. 
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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