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Topic Review
Single-Component Cationic Photoinitiators
With the advantages offered by cationic photopolymerization (CP) such as broad wavelength activation, tolerance to oxygen, low shrinkage and the possibility of “dark cure”, it has attracted extensive attention in photoresist, deep curing and other fields in recent years. The applied photoinitiating systems (PIS) play a crucial role as they can affect the speed and type of the polymerization and properties of the materials formed. Much effort has been invested into developing cationic photoinitiating systems (CPISs) that can be activated at long wavelengths and overcome technical problems and challenges faced. 
  • 3.4K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Composition of Flaxseeds
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has gained worldwide recognition as a health food because of its abundance in diverse nutrients and bioactive compounds such as oil, fatty acids, proteins, peptides, fiber, lignans, carbohydrates, mucilage, and micronutrients. These constituents attribute a multitude of beneficial properties to flaxseed that makes its use possible in various applications, such as nutraceuticals, food products, cosmetics, and biomaterials.
  • 3.4K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Društvo Sa Ograničenom Odgovornošću
Društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću (Serbian Cyrillic: друштво са ограниченом одговорношћу; abbr. d.o.o., Serbian Cyrillic: д.о.о.) is a kind of legal corporate entity in and Serbia which literally means (but is not entirely equal to) "limited liability society". It is often confused with the American term limited liability company, with which it shares some characteristics, but it is more similar to a limited partnership.
  • 3.4K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Motorcycle Market
In many cities, urbanization has led to a rapid increase in the demand for mobility. Most of this new demand has been satisfied by the individual private transport industry, within which motorcycles have an important share: around 30% of the vehicles in the world are motorcycles. Thus, the motorcycle market has experienced an upward trend, especially in developing countries. That uncontrolled growth brings along mobility, accidents, and environment-related issues that concern policy-makers. Research trends regarding this matter evidence that greenhouse gas emissions, sustainability, environmental impact, and developing countries are the topics of greater interest for researchers. In addition, taking into account the needs of modern cities, sustainable modes of transport such as electric and shared mobility are compulsory as a priority on governments' agendas. 
  • 3.4K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Native Plants from Mexico Used in Herbal Products
Historically, herbal products were the first resource used by man for the improvement of his health. It is the knowledge of these products that perpetuated medicinal practices prevail today as well. Mexico ranks fifth among megadiverse countries as it is home to nearly 23,424 vascular plants, which represent 5000 endemic plant species; of these, a total of 4500 medicinal plants have been estimated, while only 3000 are registered in the herbarium of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). However, a pharmacological analysis of only 5% has been reported. The country boasts a wide range of medicine made from plants that are representative of traditional Mexican herbal products. There has been a steady rise in the use and commercialization of herbal products, demonstrative of the increase in world demand in this industry. Further, 90% of the population in Mexico has opted for these products at least once in their lives, as indicated by the Secretaría de Salud (SS) and Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS).
  • 3.4K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Wind Hybrid Power Systems
Wind hybrid power systems combines wind turbines with other storage and/or generation sources. One of the key issues with wind energy is its intermittent nature. This has led to numerous methods of storing energy.
  • 3.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cranial Nerves of Facial Asymmetry
Symmetry of the face is the one of the most important features for the perception of attractiveness. The word “symmetry” derives from Greek and comes from “syn” (together) and “metron” (meter). Symmetry means that both sides of the face, right and left, are alike. The term “asymmetry” refers to dissimilarity between components, altering the balance between structures. Cranial nerve damage, especially the affection of oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and facial nerves, may occur in many neurological conditions. The most common acquired causes of cranial nerve damage are cerebrovascular events, such as ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke.
  • 3.4K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Characterization of XX Maleness
Androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), secreted by the foetal testis, are responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and the regression of female anlagen. Virilization of the reproductive tract in association with the absence of Müllerian derivatives in the XX foetus implies the existence of testicular tissue, which can occur in the presence or absence of SRY. Recent advancement in the knowledge of the opposing gene cascades driving to the differentiation of the gonadal ridge into testes or ovaries during early foetal development has provided insight into the molecular explanation of XX maleness.
  • 3.4K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Thioxanthenes
Thioxanthenes are one of the three major groups of antipsychotics (the others being phenothiazines and butyrophenones).  Thioxanthene is a chemical compound having a central triple ring structure closely related to one of the other group of antipsychotics (phenothiazines, which also has the triple ring). The major structural difference between the two classes is that the carbon in position 10 in thioxanthenes is replaced by a nitrogen atom in phenothiazines. In thioxanthenes, this C10  shares a double bond with the side chain. Thioxanthenes are represented in two geometric stereoisomers: Z- and E-compounds.
  • 3.4K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The landscape of management of urinary tract infections (UTI) is changing rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic draws the attention to the SARS-CoV-2 management with a subsequent reduced attention on bacterial infections. The COVID-19 diffusion containing procedures, such as use of facemasks and handwashing, have reduced spreading of bacteria and bacterial lung infections.
  • 3.4K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog–GLI (HH) signaling plays an essential role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway through mutations or other mechanisms is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinomas. Activation of HH signaling sustains proliferation, suppresses cell death signals, enhances invasion and metastasis, deregulates cellular metabolism and promotes angiogenesis and tumor inflammation. Targeted inhibition of the HH pathway has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.
  • 3.4K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Adult Play with Character Toys
Character toys are toys identifiable by name, personality, and visual traits. They represent specific characters derived from or associated with popular culture. This entry explores adult engagement with character toys, or toy play, through a multidisciplinary lens, emphasizing playability, materiality, affect, creativity, and sociocultural meaning. Drawing on earlier toy research on dolls, action figures, figurines, and soft toys—those with a face and assigned personality—it considers how adults collect, customize, create stories, and critique societal conditions through toys for personal enrichment, identity work, and community formation. The toy play of adults is framed as a legitimate and complex form of self-expression and cultural participation that intersects with object play, creative fandoms, and political resistance.
  • 3.4K
  • 20 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked porous networks and can be synthesized from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomers, and combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Synthesis of hydrogels involves physical, chemical and hybrid bonding. The bonding is formed via different routes such as solution casting, solution mixing, bulk polymerization, free radical mechanism, radiation method, and interpenetrating network formation. The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties such as mechanical strength, flexibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. Furthermore, owing to the smart and aqueous medium, robust mechanical strength, adhesiveness, stretchability, strain sensitivity, and self-healability, hydrogels can be potentially used in biomedical, electrochemical, sensors, contact lens, and soft robotic applications.
  • 3.4K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lipopolysaccharide in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are bacterial surface glycolipids, produced by Gram-negative bacteria. LPS is known to determine acute inflammatory reactions, particularly in the context of sepsis. However, LPS can also trigger chronic inflammation. In this case, the source of LPS is not an external infection, but rather an increase in endogenous production, which is usually sustained by gut microbiota (GM), and LPS contained in food. The first site in which LPS can exert its inflammatory action is the gut: both GM and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are influenced by LPS and shift towards an inflammatory pattern. The changes in GM and GALT induced by LPS are quite similar to the ones seen in IBD: GM loses diversity, while GALT T regulatory (Tregs) lymphocytes are reduced in number, with an increase in Th17 and Th1 lymphocytes. Additionally, the innate immune system is triggered, through the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, while the epithelium is directly damaged, further triggering inflammation.
  • 3.4K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of Carnosine
Carnosine is a natural endogenous molecule that has been extensively studied during the last years due to its promising beneficial effects for human health. It presents multimodal mechanisms of action, being able to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregate activities, among others.
  • 3.4K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Cosmetic Applications of Exopolysaccharides
Bacteria are well-known to synthesize high molecular weight polysaccharides excreted in extracellular domain, which constitute their protective microenvironment. Several bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are commercially available for skincare applications in cosmetic products due to their unique structural features, conferring valuable biological and/or textural properties.
  • 3.4K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
EM-2 Rifle
The EM-2, also known as Rifle No.9 Mk1 or Janson rifle, was an experimental United Kingdom assault rifle. It was briefly adopted by British forces in 1951, but the decision was overturned very shortly thereafter by Winston Churchill's incoming government in an effort to secure NATO standardisation of small arms and ammunition. An innovative weapon with the compact bullpup layout and an optical sight, it used one of the early intermediate cartridges (a concept introduced by the Germans with the 7.92×33mm Kurz) as a result of combat experience and German advances in weapons design during World War II. It used the experimental, intermediate powered, but highly efficient .280 British round, which was designed to replace the venerable .303 round and Lee–Enfield rifle variants which had served since before the turn of the 20th century. The United States claimed the .280 British round was too weak for use in rifles and machine guns, and instead favored the much more powerful 7.62×51mm NATO round. As the EM-2 could not be easily adapted to the longer and more powerful round, it faded from use. However, the bullpup layout for a British service rifle was finally adopted some years later in form of the SA80 assault rifle, the EM-2's spiritual successor, which remains in service today.
  • 3.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sulfonamide
Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides. Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.
  • 3.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Clay-based polymer nanocomposites are often referred to as polymer layered silicates, nanostructured polymers, or simply polymer nanocomposites. These polymers are reinforced with inorganic particles containing at least one dimension in the nanometric scale (<100 nm). Compared to traditional composites (macro- or microscale), polymer nanocomposites offer the opportunity to explore new behaviors and functionalities beyond conventional polymers. Nanoparticles often strongly influence the mechanical properties of polymers in very low volume fractions due to the relatively short distance between nanoparticles, molecular compatibility, and interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer chains.
  • 3.4K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Three Phase Induction Motor Drive
An induction motor is generally used in industrial applications because it is reliable, robust, and low cost. Reliability is one of the essential parameters based on which the motor is selected, and the induction motor primarily comes into force. The well-founded induction motor gives good results under various operating states. Dynamic simulation plays a significant part in evaluating the model’s design process to eliminate design errors in typical construction types and when testing the motor drive system. The induction motor is modeled in a synchronously revolving rotor flux-oriented frame, which is used as a reference.
  • 3.4K
  • 16 Jan 2023
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