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Topic Review
Cultural Divide
A cultural divide is "a boundary in society that separates communities whose social economic structures, opportunities for success, conventions, styles, are so different that they have substantially different psychologies". A cultural divide is the virtual barrier caused by cultural differences, that hinder interactions, and harmonious exchange between people of different cultures. For example, avoiding eye contact with a superior shows deference and respect in East Asian cultures, but can be interpreted as suspicious behavior in Western cultures. Studies on cultural divide usually focus on identifying and bridging the cultural divide at different levels of society.
  • 3.4K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism
Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are similar to complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other. The doctrine of mechanism in philosophy comes in two different flavors. They are both doctrines of metaphysics, but they are different in scope and ambitions: the first is a global doctrine about nature; the second is a local doctrine about humans and their minds, which is hotly contested. For clarity, we might distinguish these two doctrines as universal mechanism and anthropic mechanism.
  • 3.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Compressed Hydrogen Tank Applications across Transportation
The transportation sector faces a new paradigm to address the threat of climate change and environmental pollution. The application of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation offers a great possibility to decarbonize an activity sector, which alone is responsible for the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly attractive to sectors with limited low-carbon fuel options, such as aviation and maritime sectors.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Light, Water, and Melatonin Relationship with Hydrogen Bonds
The synergistic relationship between melatonin, water, and light may have originated billions of years ago when primitive unicellular organisms depended on this effective and precise synergy to modulate phase separation to control protein aggregation and associated biological effects. The efficacy of this synergy also provides a credible explanation for the immensely successful and rapid distribution of melatonin via horizontal gene transfer. The discovery of the serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) gene responsible for the synthesis of essential melatonin substrate N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in archaea firmly establishes the quintessential role played by melatonin in early primitive organisms that use phase separation as the fundamental driver for relevant biochemical and biophysical processes to support metabolism, replication, and survival.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cinema Therapy
Cinema therapy or movie therapy is a form of expressive therapy - like art, music and dance therapy - for medical and mental health issues. It is also used as a form of self-help. Cinema therapy was created and popularized by Dr. Gary Solomon, the first to write on using movies as therapy. The movement started to catch up again in 2019 with the featured documentary "Calypsonians" by director Anghelo Taylor, unlike the creation of Dr. Gary Solomon, Anghelo Taylor wrote the CinemaTherapy Manifesto, that starts with one simple principle "In order for cinema therapy truly exist the filmmaker must have an internal search, question or problem to solve inside himself but that relates with the rest of humanity or with specific community. Once the filmmaker and his crew engage in the process of filmmaking, they start healing by the revelation and situations that happen along the process of making a film. In the end, the result of that process will be a medicine for all the viewers as human beings. But everything starts with the deep intention that the filmmaker has when making the film"
  • 3.4K
  • 14 Feb 2026
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance
A sewer system is an important infrastructure of every settlement. A sewer system is a set of construction facilities used for the quick removal of wastewater from the humans’ immediate environment and its transport to a wastewater treatment plant or direct discharge into an appropriate recipient. In order for the sewer system to perform its purpose properly, its proper maintenance is required. Maintenance of a sewer system is very demanding since the system is mostly underground which makes it difficult to be accessed and maintained. The maintenance of a sewer system can be preventive (regular) or corrective (reactive). The regular maintenance occurs at certain intervals, whereas the reactive maintenance occurs in the case of some unforeseen event. This paper presents the history of sewer systems, as well as basic and alternative types of sewer systems. Furthermore, challenges that arise during sewer system maintenance and difficulties that maintenance employees face in their work are presented in this paper, as well as the ways in which sewer systems are maintained.
  • 3.4K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Geology
Geology (from grc γῆ 'earth', and -λoγία 'study of, discourse') is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated Earth system science and planetary science. Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that structure. It also provides tools to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks found in a given location, and also to describe the histories of those rocks. By combining these tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole, and also to demonstrate the age of the Earth. Geology provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates. Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including field work, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modelling. In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and providing insights into past climate change. Geology is a major academic discipline, and it is central to geological engineering and plays an important role in geotechnical engineering.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Battery Equalizer Circuits
In this entry, several battery equalizer circuits are reviewed and simulated. In addition, a table is presented where the main characteristics of the equalizers are summarized. These characteristics are used to assign a score to each circuit with respect to how many characteristics are similar to the ideal equalizer. Finally, a methodology is presented to compare these equalizers, taking into account the results obtained from the table.
  • 3.4K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Virtual Currency
Virtual currency, or virtual money, is a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community. The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has warned investors against pump and dump schemes that use virtual currencies. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the US Treasury, defined virtual currency in its guidance published in 2013. In 2014, the European Banking Authority defined virtual currency as "a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, nor necessarily attached to a fiat currency, but is accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically". By contrast, a digital currency that is issued by a central bank is defined as "central bank digital currency".
  • 3.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pashupata Shaivism
Pashupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, Sanskrit: पाशुपत) is the oldest of the major Shaivite Hindu schools. The philosophy of the Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulīśa also called Nakulīśa) in the 2nd century A.D. The main texts of the school are Pāśupatasūtra with Kauṇḍinya's Pañcārthabhāṣya, and Gaṇakārikā with Bhāsarvajña's Ratnaṭīkā. Both texts were discovered only in the twentieth century. Prior to that, the major source of information on this sect was a chapter devoted to it in Vidyāraṇya's Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha.
  • 3.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Psychosocial Effects of Taekwondo Training
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and international sport, and its psychosocial benefits for its trainees have been studied extensively.  Significant positive effects of Taekwondo training were found on sociality, character, etiquette, and school life adjustment.
  • 3.4K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Microplastics
The high PET production volume and the waste mismanagement of PET litter make it one of the most polluting plastic material. Its diffusion in marine litter is widely assessed according to public opinion and documented in the literature. The major sources of PET microplastics in the marine environment are bottles and fibers. The role of PET micro/nanoplastics of vector of toxic chemicals, their fate and the negative effects on the environment and human health is still under discussion.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cereal–Legume Intercropping
With the current objective of moving away from monoculture and the development of the "ecological intensification" of agrosystems, the cereal-legume intercropping takes advantage of the symbiotic relationships that the legume develops with soil micro-organisms (rhizobiums). Legumes are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen thanks to the nodules of its roots, and thus provide to this crop a part of its nitrogen needs. The choice of species and the proportion of grains to be sown are determined by the objectives of intercropping. For human food, simple mixtures are favoured (e.g. wheat/pea, barley/bean, triticale/pea). For fodder production, the number of species can be higher.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microalgae-Based Biorefineries: Challenges and Future Trends
Microalgae-based biorefineries allow the simultaneous production of microalgae biomass enriched in a particular macromolecule and high-added and low-value products if a proper selection of the microalgae species and the cultivation conditions are adequate for the purpose. 
  • 3.4K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Purple Drank
Purple drank is a recreational drug, created by combining prescription-grade cough syrup with a soft drink and hard candy. The concoction originated in Houston, Texas, and is popular among those who belong to the hip hop subculture or reside in the southern United States.
  • 3.4K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Labor Exploitation
The exploitation of labor is a concept that pertains to the unfair or unjust treatment of workers by employers or those in positions of power within economic systems. It is often associated with the extraction of surplus value from labor, where workers are not adequately compensated for the value they contribute to the production process. This concept is central to Marxist economic theory and has broader implications in discussions about workers' rights and social justice.
  • 3.4K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Food Science
Food science is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology. Food science brings together multiple scientific disciplines. It incorporates concepts from fields such as chemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Food technology incorporates concepts from chemical engineering, for example. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce these foods, choice of packaging materials, shelf-life studies, sensory evaluation of products using survey panels or potential consumers, as well as microbiological and chemical testing. Food scientists may study more fundamental phenomena that are directly linked to the production of food products and its properties.
  • 3.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of plant species as a means of purifying polluted soil, water, and air. The term derives from the Greek word phyto (“plant”) and the Latin word remedium (“to correct or remove an evil”). Phytoremediation is a more economically feasible and efficient remediation option than other techniques, such as washing, flushing, or solidification.
  • 3.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique for generating embryos with genomic information identical to that of donor cells. SCNT has presented various insights into the process of de-differentiation by cellular reprogramming.  Now authors are focusing on the challenge of understanding the potential of pluripotent stem cells and the safe use. Moreover, stem cells from livestock have provided many potential to the academic field as well as medical and industrial applications.
  • 3.4K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Flake Powder Metallurgy
Flake powder metallurgy (FPM) including different processing routes, conventional FPM (C-FPM), slurry blending (SB), shift-speed ball milling (SSBM), and high-shear pre-dispersion and SSBM (HSPD/SSBM). The name of FPM was derived from the use of flake metal powders obtained by low-speed ball milling (LSBM) from spherical powder. The uniformity of reinforcement distribution leads to increased strength and ductility. Powder is the basic unit in PM, especially advanced PM, and its control is key to various new PM technologies. The FPM is a typical method for finely controlling the powder shape through low-energy ball milling (LEBM) to realize the preparation of advanced material structures. 
  • 3.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
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