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Topic Review
Magnetic Solid Nanoparticles and Their Counterparts
Cancer is a malignant disease involving uncontrolled and rapid growth of aberrant and nonfunctional cells as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications. These have the capacity to metastasize to distant organs of the body. Within the cancer field, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained interest as highly functionalized tools that can be applied to diagnosis, monitorization, and therapy. Their relative straightforward synthesis, functionalization, purification, and characterization, together with their usually good biodegradability and diagnostic platform potential, confer major advantages for their use in cancer theranostics. Magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (mSLNs) represent a new class of functional nanoplatforms that usually consist of inorganic magnetic nanoparticles incorporated in solid lipid nano-matrices and which have great applicability in the medical field.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Immunotherapy
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent an attractive class of nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical features that allow them to respond specifically to magnetic fields. Among the magnetic class of materials, iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the only inorganic nanomaterials that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical applications. Magnetic nanomaterials are particularly appealing for cancer immunotherapy due to their unique features, which include (i) the traceability of their signal by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or by magnetic particle imaging (MPI) techniques ; (ii) their exploitation as carriers to promote the accumulation and the efficient delivery of biotherapeutic compounds, such as genes and peptides, into a specific target cell or tissue; (iii) their ability to mediate the elimination of cancer cells through the production of a local thermo-ablative effect when exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, referred to as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT); and (iv) their intrinsic immunomodulatory properties that can be harnessed to further promote or modulate the immune function.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Analytical Techniques for Detection of Quantum Dots
Since the discovery of Quantum Dots (QDs) by Alexey I. Ekimov in 1981, the interest of researchers in that particular type of nanomaterials (NMs) with unique optical and electrical properties has been increasing year by year. Thus, since 2009, the number of scientific articles published on this topic has not been less than a thousand a year. The increasing use of QDs due to their biomedical, pharmaceutical, biological, photovoltaics or computing applications, as well as many other high-tech uses such as for displays and solid-state lighting (SSL), has given rise to a considerable number of studies about its potential toxicity. However, there are a really low number of reported studies on the detection and quantification of QDs, and these include ICP–MS and electrochemical analysis, which are the most common quantification techniques employed for this purpose. Keeping in mind both human health and environmental risks of QDs as well as the scarcity of analytical techniques and methodological approaches for their detection, the adaptation of existing techniques and methods used with other NMs appears necessary. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanoarchitectonics for Energy and Related Applications
Nanoarchitectonics has been recently proposed as a post-nanotechnology concept. It is the methodology to produce functional materials from nanoscale units.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrodeposited Multilayer Metal Nanowires
Because of having high aspect ratio nanowires(NWs) structures offer great advantages in many sensing and biological systems.  Magnetic/non-magnetic multilayered NWs  were fabricated by electrochemical deposition, usually by using potentiostatic, galvanostatic techniques, and they were seen to be kinetic or diffusion control. By using optimized deposition parameters i.e presence of additives, potential, solution concentration, hydrogen evolution and confinement effect of nanopore wall, one can successfully fabricate NWs with well-defined segmented structures for single, bilayer or even tri layer thickness. Structural and chemical compositional of the multilayer NWs was observed by using various characterization techniques i.e electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Studying the kinetics of the phase transformation of NWs between stable or metastable phases reveals basic thermodynamical information and essential for future various applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
WS2-Based Nanomaterials Employed for Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues globally due to its harmful consequences on the ecosystem and public health. Various technologies have been developed for water treatment such as photocatalysis, which has recently drawn scientists’ attention. Photocatalytic techniques using semiconductors have shown an efficient removal of various water contaminants during water treatment as well as cost effectivity and low energy consumption. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is among the promising Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) photocatalysts, as it has an exceptional nanostructure and special properties including high surface area and high carrier mobility. It is usually synthesized via hydrothermal technique, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) to obtain a wide variety of nanostructures such as nanosheets and nanorods. Most common examples of water pollutants that can be removed efficiently by WS2-based nanomaterials through semiconductor photocatalytic techniques are organic contaminants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and infectious microorganisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
NLC and SLN Nasal Administration
The nasal route has been used for many years for the local treatment of nasal diseases. More recently, this route has been gaining momentum, due to the possibility of targeting the central nervous system (CNS) from the nasal cavity, avoiding the blood−brain barrier (BBB). In this area, the use of lipid nanoparticles, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), in nasal formulations has shown promising outcomes on a wide array of indications such as brain diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and gliomas.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
This entry is terms to explain the importance of CSCaCO3NPs as drug nanocarrier with emphases on cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, slow biodegradation, pH sensitive, safety and efficacy in addition to the good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity as bone substitute. The synthesis of stimuli responsive nanocarrier with sustain release is a significant innovation in the field of nanomedicine in which biogenic biodegradable inorganic CSCaCO3NPs for the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs could be employed.  
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Black Phosphorus
Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the emerging versatile nanomaterials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, exhibiting great potential as a promising inorganic nanomaterial in the biomedical field. BP nanomaterials possess excellent ability for valid bio-conjugation and molecular loading in anticancer therapy. Generally, BP nanomaterials can be classified into BP nanosheets (BPNSs) and BP quantum dots (BPQDs), and both of them can be oxidized and degraded to nontoxic phosphonates and phosphate under physiological conditions, improving their safety as a nano drug carrier in cancer therapy. In addition, BP nanomaterials can be applied as photothermal agents (PTA) for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency, large extinction coefficients, and capability of producing singlet oxygen. Recently, it has been reported that BP-based phototherapy is capable of activating immune responses and alleviating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by detection of T lymphocytes and various immunocytokines, indicating that BP-based nanocomposites not only serve as effective PTAs to ablate large solid tumors but also function as an immunomodulation agent to eliminate discrete tumorlets.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Radiolabeled Gold Nanoseeds and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), classified as a grade IV brain tumor, represents the most frequent brain tumor, accounting for approximately 12–15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Current therapeutic strategies for GBM rely on open surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite some progress in the past 30 years, the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma remains extremely poor. The average lifespan is approximately 15 months after diagnosis, with most patients experiencing tumor relapse and outgrowth within 7–10 months of initial radiation therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Microalgae
Microalgae have been a source of useful compounds mainly used as food and dietary supplements. They have been used as a source of metabolites that can participate in the synthesis of several nanoparticles through inexpensive and environmentally friendly routes alternative to chemical synthesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Incorporated Gelatin Methacryloyl Nanocomposites
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based composites are evolving three-dimensional (3D) networking hydrophilic protein composite scaffolds with high water content. These protein composites have been devoted to biomedical applications due to their unique abilities, such as flexibility, soft structure, versatility, stimuli-responsiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bismuth Halide Perovskites for CO2 Photoreduction
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) stands as a viable strategy to produce solar fuels and mitigate the high dependence on highly polluting fossil fuels, as well as to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The design of efficient photocatalytic materials is crucial to ensure the long-term application of the CO2RR process. So far, perovskite materials have shown high efficiencies in CO2RR to generate different solar fuels, specially lead halide perovskites (LHP), which exhibit valuable features for the obtention of high production yields (e.g., narrow band gaps, adequate potentials for CO2RR, good charge transport properties, etc.). Nonetheless, the presence of lead involves an important environmental impact that cannot be negligible in the design of industrial-scale photocatalytic processes. Hence, the search for efficient Lead-free Halide Perovskites (LFHP) remains a high-priority task in the research of functional materials for CO2RR, since LFHPs could maintain the properties of LHPs, while keeping low environmental impacts and accessible costs of production. As an alternative, bismuth-based LFHPs have gained much attention due to their higher absorption coefficients, their more efficient charge transfer (compared to oxide perovskites), and their required thermodynamic potential for CO2RR. However, despite all the remarkable advantages of bismuth halide perovskites, their use has been limited, owing to instability concerns. The performance of bismuth-based LFHPs are discussed, as well as stability strategies from intrinsic and extrinsic standpoints.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Piezoelectric Materials in Analytical Chemistry
Piezoelectric energy harvesters have recently been used in a variety of applications. They are also used in analytical chemistry for the detection and determination of various substances.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nanofluids Formulation, Characterization, and Stability
Nanofluids (NFs) synthesized via the suspension of diverse nanoparticles into conventional thermal fluids are known to exhibit better thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance in comparison with traditional thermal fluids. Stability is pivotal to NF preparation, properties, performance, and application. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Usage of Nanoparticles in the Detection of Coronaviruses
Nanoparticle-based biosensor prototypes illustrate desirable diagnostics qualities, especially during the current pandemic. Such qualities include their ease of use, inexpensive equipment and visual results. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have fostered widespread attention due to their outstanding optical characteristics, photostability and high extinction coefficient.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Halloysite-TiO2 Nanocomposites for Water Treatment
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are clay minerals with a tubular structure that can be used for many different applications in place of carbon nanotubes. Indeed, HNTs display low/non-toxicity, are biocompatible, and can be easily prepared. Moreover, the aluminum and silica groups present on HNTs’ inner and outer surfaces facilitate the interaction with various functional agents, such as alkalis, organosilanes, polymers, surfactants, and nanomaterials.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid/Gas Separations
One of the critical aspects in designing nanocomposite membrane is the selection of a well-matched pair of nanomaterials and a polymer matrix that suits their intended application. By making use of the fascinating flexibility of nanoscale materials, the functionalities of the resultant nanocomposite membranes can be tailored. The unique features demonstrated by nanomaterials are closely related to their dimensions, hence a greater attention is deserved for this critical aspect.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis
Magnetic nanoparticles gained considerable attention in last few years due to their remarkable properties. Superparamaganetism, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and environmental friendliness are some of the properties that make iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) an ideal choice for biomedical applications. Along with being easily tuneable and a tailored surface for conjugation of IONPs, their physio-chemical and biological properties can also be varied by modifying the basic parameters for synthesis that enhances the additional possibilities for designing novel magnetic nanomaterial for theranostic applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Nanomolecules Interacting with Proteins
Scientists are designing new ways to combine proteins and carbon-based nanomomecules. We review strategies of selecting proteins able to interact with proteins and typical van der Waals interactions. Proteins and carbon based nanomomecules can form ordered clusters of hybrid materials and will guide new projects for bioimaging tools and tuning of intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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