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Topic Review
Extract from Beetle Ulomoides dermestoides
A biologically active extract from the darkling beetle Ulomoides dermestoides was obtained using the electro-pulse plasma dynamic extraction method. The beetle water extract contained a complex of antioxidant substances such as antioxidant enzymes and nonprotein antioxidants, as well as a complex of heat shock antistress proteins. This determines the rather high antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of the beetle, i.e., 1 mg of dry matter/mL of the extract has an equivalent antioxidant activity to 0.2 mM Trolox (a water-soluble analog of vitamin E). It was shown that the beetle extract can lead to a 25–30% increase in the average lifespan of nematode Caenorhabditiselegans, under normal conditions, and a 12–17% increase under conditions of oxidative stress (with paraquat), and significantly inhibits the fructosylation reaction of serum albumin. Therefore, the beetle aqueous extract shows promise as a biologically active complex exhibiting antioxidant activity.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
CNN-XG: A Hybrid Framework for sgRNA On-Target Prediction
Convolutional neural network (CNN), is mainly composed of two parts: a feature extractor CNN is used to automatically extract features from sequences and predictor XGBoost is applied to predict features extracted after convolution. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hurdles in Chronic Chemogenetic Studies
The chronic character of chemogenetics has been put forward as one of the assets of the technique, particularly in comparison to optogenetics. Yet, the vast majority of chemogenetic studies have focused on acute applications, while repeated, long-term neuromodulation has only been booming in the past few years. Unfortunately, together with the rising number of studies, various hurdles have also been uncovered, especially in relation to its chronic application. It becomes increasingly clear that chronic neuromodulation warrants caution and that the effects of acute neuromodulation cannot be extrapolated towards chronic experiments. Deciphering the underlying cellular and molecular causes of these discrepancies could truly unlock the chronic chemogenetic toolbox and possibly even pave the way for chemogenetics towards clinical application. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Virulence Factors of Group B Streptococcus
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a major cause of neonatal mortality. When colonizing the lower genital tract of pregnant women, GBS may cause premature birth and stillbirth. If transmitted to the newborn, it may result in life-threatening illnesses, including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Moreover, through continuous evolution, GBS can use its original structure and unique factors to greatly improve its survival rate in the human body.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Inflammasomes in Psoriasis
Inflammasomes are high-molecular-weight protein complexes that may cleave the two main proinflammatory cytokines, pro-interleukin-1β and pro-interleukin-18, into active forms, and contribute to psoriasis. Despite recent advances made in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, mainly studied as an autoimmune condition, activation of immune response triggers of psoriasis is still not completely understood. Recently, focus was placed on the role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Multiple types of inhibitors and activators of various inflammasomes, inflammasome-related genes, and genetic susceptibility loci were recognized in psoriasis.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophage Polarization
Immunotherapy has made great progress in recent years, yet the efficacy of solid tumors remains far less than expected. One of the main hurdles is to overcome the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Among all cells in TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play pivotal roles because of their abundance, multifaceted interactions to adaptive and host immune systems, as well as their context-dependent plasticity. Underlying the highly plastic characteristic, lots of research interests are focused on repolarizing TAMs from M2-like pro-tumor phenotype towards M1-like antitumoral ones. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities for targeting and modulating TAM polarization to mount the therapeutic efficacy in cancer immunotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Adrenomedullin/PAMP’s Roles in the Digestive System
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are two bioactive peptides derived from the same precursor with several biological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, or anti-inflammation, among others. AM and PAMP are widely expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they behave as GI hormones, regulating numerous physiological processes such as gastric emptying, gastric acid release, insulin secretion, bowel movements, or intestinal barrier function. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR Screen
Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen provides a robust and unbiased means for interrogating such genes, and a series of landmark reports since its introduction in 2014 have demonstrated that the technology yields high-quality functional hits. This technology, in combination with other orthogonal methods for studying protein function on a systems scale, can provide valuable functional insights that would take years to establish using conventional methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Proteomic Alteration in Progression of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy. Most MM patients are diagnosed at a late stage because the early symptoms of the disease can be uncertain and nonspecific, often resembling other, more common conditions. Additionally, MM patients are commonly associated with rapid relapse and an inevitable refractory phase. MM is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. During the progression of MM, massive genomic alterations occur that target multiple signaling pathways and are accompanied by a multistep process involving differentiation, proliferation, and invasion. Moreover, the transformation of healthy plasma cell biology into genetically heterogeneous MM clones is driven by a variety of post-translational protein modifications (PTMs), which has complicated the discovery of effective treatments. PTMs have been identified as the most promising candidates for biomarker detection, and further research has been recommended to develop promising surrogate markers. Proteomics studies using mass spectrometry (MS) in conjunction with robust bioinformatics tools are an excellent way to learn more about protein changes and modifications during disease progression MM. 
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  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nrf2 Activation in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded by the NFE2L2 gene and is a member of the cap ‘n’ collar subfamily of basic region leucine zipper transcription factors. 
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  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Paclitaxel and Breast Cancer
Paclitaxel (PTX), the most widely used anticancer drug, is applied for the treatment of various types of malignant diseases. Mechanisms of PTX action represent several ways in which PTX affects cellular processes resulting in programmed cell death. PTX is frequently used as the first-line treatment drug in breast cancer (BC). Unfortunately, the resistance of BC to PTX treatment is a great obstacle in clinical applications and one of the major causes of death associated with treatment failure. Factors contributing to PTX resistance, such as ABC transporters, microRNAs (miRNAs), or mutations in certain genes, along with side effects of PTX including peripheral neuropathy or hypersensitivity associated with the vehicle used to overcome its poor solubility, are responsible for intensive research concerning the use of PTX in preclinical and clinical studies. Novelties such as albumin-bound PTX (nab-PTX) demonstrate a progressive approach leading to higher efficiency and decreased risk of side effects after drug administration. Moreover, PTX nanoparticles for targeted treatment of BC promise a stable and efficient therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
In Vivo Calcium Imaging under General Anesthesia
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Calcium ions are popular targets used to detect neuronal activities that link circuit dynamics to behaviors in modern neuroscience research.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Pathogen-Detection Techniques in Agro-Food Sector
The agro-food sector is one of major contributors to the economy of a developing country. This sector offers a primary source of nutrition for livestock and also more than 80% of the food consumed by human beings. The monitoring of agro-food products is essential to maintain our civilization with food security via reducing the risk of infections. The diagnosis of pathogens can be carried out in plants themselves, in obtained food products, or in humans after the consumption of contaminated agro-foods.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of p53 by E3s
p53 plays a role in different biological processes such as proliferation, invasion, pluripotency, metabolism, cell cycle control, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Functioning and Cognitive Ability
Performance in one cognitive domain, such as attentional control, is positively correlated with performance in all other cognitive domains, such as reading comprehension, and performance in all of these domains is correlated with current and predictive of later health outcomes. These relations suggest a common biological mechanism that contributes to cognition and health; moreover, this mechanism has been linked to systematic and parallel declines in cognition and health with normal aging. Mitochondrial functioning, including contributions to cellular energy production, control of oxidative stress, immunity, and intracellular signaling (among others), is well situated to explain at least some of these links. Indeed, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the cognitive declines (e.g., memory loss) associated with age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, but the links are broader than this. A focus on mitochondrial functioning provides a means to better integrate research in cell biology and cognitive science, and in doing so will expand our understanding of the fundamental biological mechanisms that underlie brain and cognitive development and functioning and result in more sensitive assessments of age- and pathology-related changes in cognition.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Warburg Effect in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. The Hallmark of colorectal cancer is the increase of glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Splicing Factors in Prostate Cancer
Although inhibition of the androgen–androgen receptor (AR) axis effectively represses the growth of prostate cancer, most of all cases eventually become castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs). Enhancement of the expression of AR and its variants along with the downstream signals is important for disease progression. AR-V7, a constitutive active form of AR, is generated as a result of RNA splicing. RNA splicing creates multiple transcript variants from one pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) by removing introns/exons to allow mRNA translation. The molecular mechanisms leading to marked increases of AR and generation of AR-V7 have been unclear. However, recent papers highlighted the roles of RNA splicing factors which promote AR expression and production of variants. Notably, a broad range of splicing components were aberrantly regulated in CRPC tissues. Interestingly, expression of various spliceosome genes is enhanced by RNA-binding protein splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich (PSF/SFPQ), leading to changes in the expression of AR transcript variants. Moreover, inhibition of several splicing factors repressed tumor growth in vivo. Altered expression of splicing factors is correlated to biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiota exists throughout the full life cycle of the human body, and it has been proven to have extensive impacts on health and disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the interplay between gut microbiota and host epigenetics plays a multifaceted role in health maintenance and disease prevention. Intestinal microflora, along with their metabolites, could regulate multiple epigenetic pathways; e.g., DNA methylation, miRNA, or histone modification. Moreover, epigenetic factors can serve as mediators to coordinate gut microbiota within the host. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MZT in Human Embryos and Other Animal Species
Maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) of the control of early post-fertilization development is a key-event conditioning the fate of the future embryo, fetus and newborn. Because of the relative paucity of data concerning human embryos, due to ethical concerns and the poor availability of human embryos donated for research, most data have to be derived from animal models, among which those obtained using mouse embryos are most prevalent. Data obtained by studies performed in non-mammalian specie can also provide useful information. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Flavonoids in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) remains the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the US, despite advances in detection and treatment. In addition, breast cancer survivors often struggle with long-term treatment related comorbidities. Identifying novel therapies that are effective while minimizing toxicity is critical in curtailing this disease. Flavonoids, a subclass of plant polyphenols, are emerging as promising treatment options for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to anti-oxidant properties, flavonoids can directly interact with proteins, making them ideal small molecules for the modulation of enzymes, transcription factors and cell surface receptors. Of particular interest is the ability of flavonoids to modulate the tumor associated macrophage function. However, clinical applications of flavonoids in cancer trials are limited. Epidemiological and smaller clinical studies have been largely hypothesis generating. Future research should aim at addressing known challenges with a broader use of preclinical models and investigating enhanced dose-delivery systems that can overcome limited bioavailability of dietary flavonoids. 
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Sep 2021
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