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Topic Review
Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic computing systems aims at processing information in a way similar to the human brain. Instead of a conventional von Neumann computer, a neuromorphic system generally relies on a neural network, where the memory and the processing elements are intimately co-located within the same hardware. Neuromorphic computing takes advantage of computational memories, which can both store and process data via physical laws within the device and/or the circuit. This entry summarizes the history and main concepts of neuromorphic computing, including both deep neural networks (DNNs) which are adopted for extensive artificial intelligence tasks, such as driverless cars, and spiking neural networks (SNNs), which aim at a more realistic brain-inspired computation. 
  • 3.7K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Censorship of YouTube
The video-sharing platform YouTube is the second-most popular website as of August 2019, according to Alexa Internet. According to the company's press page, YouTube has more than one billion users, and each day, those users watch more than one billion hours of video. Censorship of it has occurred and continues to occur to varying degrees in most countries throughout the world.
  • 3.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Merchant Vessel
A merchant vessel, trading vessel or merchantman is a boat or ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This excludes pleasure craft that do not carry passengers for hire; warships are also excluded. They come in a myriad of sizes and shapes, from twenty-foot inflatable dive boats in Hawaii, to 5,000 passenger casino vessels on the Mississippi River, to tugboats plying New York Harbor, to 1,000 foot oil tankers and container ships at major ports, to a passenger carrying submarine in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Most countries of the world operate fleets of merchant ships. However, due to the high costs of operations, today these fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags of nations that specialize in providing manpower and services at favourable terms. Such flags are known as "flags of convenience". Currently, Liberia and Panama are particularly favoured. Ownership of the vessels can be by any country, however. The Greek-owned fleet is the largest in the world. Today, the Greek fleet accounts for some 16 per cent of the world’s tonnage; this makes it currently the largest single international merchant fleet in the world, albeit not the largest in history. During wars, merchant ships may be used as auxiliaries to the navies of their respective countries, and are called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel.
  • 3.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Avalanche (Consensus Protocol)
Avalanche is a protocol for solving consensus in a network of unreliable machines, where failures may be crash-fault or Byzantine. The protocol was anonymously introduced on IPFS on May 2018 and was formalized in more detail by Cornell University researchers in 2019. The protocol has four basic interrelated mechanisms that compose structural support of the consensus tool. These four mechanisms are Slush, Snowflake, Snowball, and Avalanche. By using uses randomized sampling and metastability to ascertain and persist transactions, It represents a new protocol family. Although the original paper focused on a single protocol, namely Avalanche, it implicitly introduced a broad spectrum of voting-based, or quorum-based consensus protocols, called the Snow family. While Avalanche is a single instantiation, the Snow family seems to be able to generalize all quorum-based voting protocols for replica control. Unlike prior quorum-based work, the Snow family enables arbitrarily parametrizable failure probability at the quorum intersection level. Standard quorum-based protocols define this failure probability to be precisely zero, but by introducing errors in the quorum intersection, a larger set of consensus protocol design is available.
  • 3.7K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Immersive Learning
Immersive learning conceptualizes education as a set of active phenomenological experiences that are based on presence. Immersive learning can be implemented using both physical and digital means, such as virtual reality and augmented reality.
  • 3.7K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid in Cosmeceuticals
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycans, made up of disaccharide units constituted of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.
  • 3.7K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Limbic Encephalitis Associated with COVID-19
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an inflammatory disease of the brain, in which lesion is anatomically limited in structures of the limbic system. In some cases, LE can start with symptoms of limbic dysfunction with further involvement of other regions of the brain. Classic LE syndrome includes such symptoms as the development of personality disorders, depression, sleep disorders, epileptic seizures, hallucinations and cognitive disorders (short-term and long-term memory impairment). The information of clinical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid studies (CSF) suggest the diagnosis of LE in most patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • 3.7K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CXCL12/CXCR4 Biological Axis and Its Physiological Functions
The CXCL12/CXCR4 biological axis is a coupled molecular pair, which is formed by the interaction of CXCL12 and its corresponding receptor CXCR4, and is closely related to intercellular messaging and cell migration.
  • 3.7K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Artemisia- Antiviral and Immunomodulation Effects
Artemisia is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Astraceae with more than 500 diverse species growing mainly in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia and North America. The plant is used in Chinese and Ayurvedic systems of medicine for its antiviral, antifungal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. Research based studies point to Artemisia’s role in addressing an entire gamut of physiological imbalances through a unique combination of pharmacological actions. Terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, caffeoylquinic acids, sterols and acetylenes are some of the major phytochemicals of the genus. Notable among the phytochemicals is artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTs) that represent a new class of recommended drugs due to the emergence of quinoline drug-resistant pathogens.
  • 3.7K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) requires treatment prior to discharge to the environment. Biological processing technology is highly preferable due to its advantages of environmentally friendliness, cost effectiveness, and practicality. These methods utilized various designs and modifications of bioreactors fostering effective fermentation technology in the presence of fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and a consortium of microorganisms.
  • 3.7K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Brine Management
Desalination brine is extremely concentrated saline water; it contains various salts, nutrients, heavy metals, organic contaminants, and microbial contaminants. Conventional disposal of desalination brine has negative impacts on natural and marine ecosystems that increase the levels of toxicity and salinity. These issues demand the development of brine management technologies that can lead to zero liquid discharge. Brine management can be productive by adopting economically feasible methodologies, which enables the recovery of valuable resources like freshwater, minerals, and energy.
  • 3.7K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Burnin' Rubber (Series)
Burnin' Rubber is a series of vehicular combat racing video games developed by Xform and published by various companies. The series has appeared on AirConsole, Android, Browser, IOS, and Microsoft Windows. The gameplay mainly focuses on the player having to beat a set of challenges ranging from races, boss battles, and time trials. Players can gain various pickups and collectables placed throughout tracks to aid them in the event and unlock new content. The series previous used Adobe Director and Adobe Shockwave Player for its games and has since migrated to Unity. Burnin' Rubber 3 was the first game in the series to introduce the addition of weapons in which the player can add to their vehicles which would become one of the game's main element moving forward. Excluding Burnin' Rubber (2007), the vehicles can receive damage or explode once critical damage levels has been surpassed. The series takes some inspiration from the Burnout series.
  • 3.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tank Steering Systems
Tank steering systems allow a tank, or other continuous track vehicle, to turn. Because the tracks cannot be angled relative to the hull (in any operational design), steering must be accomplished by speeding one track up, slowing the other down (or reversing it), or a combination of both. Half-track vehicles avoid this by combining steerable wheels and fixed-speed tracks. Early steering systems were adopted from tracked work vehicles, generally using a clutch to reduce power to one track, causing it to slow down. These designs have numerous problems, notably when climbing hills or running at high speed, as the reduction in power causes the overall speed to slow. Delivering power to both tracks while turning them at different speeds is a difficult design problem. A series of more advanced designs were introduced, especially through World War II, that maintained power to both tracks during steering, a concept known as regenerative steering. Some also allowed one track to move forward while the other reversed, allowing the tank to spin in place, a concept known as neutral steering. The first really successful system was the British double differential design of 1924, which was copied by both the United States and Germany. Most modern Western designs use a variation of the double differential, while Soviet designs preferred to use two separate transmissions in a single housing. Systems using electric motors with variable speed controls have been tried on a number of occasions, but have not entered widespread service.
  • 3.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Idealization (Science Philosophy)
Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false but make models easier to understand or solve. That is, it is determined whether the phenomenon approximates an "ideal case," then the model is applied to make a prediction based on that ideal case. If an approximation is accurate, the model will have high predictive accuracy; for example, it is not usually necessary to account for air resistance when determining the acceleration of a falling bowling ball, and doing so would be more complicated. In this case, air resistance is idealized to be zero. Although this is not strictly true, it is a good approximation because its effect is negligible compared to that of gravity. Idealizations may allow predictions to be made when none otherwise could be. For example, the approximation of air resistance as zero was the only option before the formulation of Stokes' law allowed the calculation of drag forces. Many debates surrounding the usefulness of a particular model are about the appropriateness of different idealizations.
  • 3.7K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
May 29: First Successful Ascent of Mount Everest
On May 29, 1953, New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary (later knighted) and Nepali Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first confirmed climbers to reach the 8,848-meter summit of Mount Everest as part of the ninth British expedition led by John Hunt (later Lord Hunt). Their successful ascent via the Southeast Ridge route (using the South Col as a high camp) marked the culmination of 30 years of British attempts on the mountain. The news reached Britain on June 2, coinciding with Queen Elizabeth II's coronation. Hillary was knighted and Norgay received the George Medal, with their achievement revolutionizing high-altitude mountaineering.
  • 3.7K
  • 27 May 2025
Topic Review
Indian Gray Mongoose
The Indian Gray Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the Indian subcontinent. Known for its sleek gray fur and long, slender body, the Indian Gray Mongoose is highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas. As a skilled predator, it preys on a diverse range of small animals, including rodents, snakes, birds, and insects, playing a crucial role in controlling pest populations and maintaining ecosystem balance.
  • 3.7K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Bagnoli Urban Regeneration through Phytoremediation
The Bagnolidistrict in Naples has needed urban redevelopmentfor many years. The area is not only affected by pollution caused by many industries but also by environmental pollutants, according togeognostic surveys that have found numerous contaminantsin the subsoil and water.Currently, the combination of an urban rehabilitation processwith the phytodepuration technique may represent a successful idea for obtaining bothurban regenerationand environmental remediation. Phytoremediation, a biologically based technology, has attracted the attention of both thepublic and scientists as a low-cost alternative for soil requalification. The use of plants as well as the microorganisms present in their root systems plays an important role in the ecological engineering field in controlling and reducing pollutants present in theair, water and soil.The result is efficient, sustainable and cost-effective environmental recovery compared to conventional chemical–physical techniques. In this way, not only the environmental recovery of SIN Bagnoli-Corogliocan be obtained, but also the regeneration of its landscape.
  • 3.7K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Zoroastrianism in India
Zoroastrianism in India has significant history within the country. The initial migration following the Muslim conquest of Persia has been canonized as a religious persecution by invading Muslims. Zoroastrianism meanwhile suffered a decline in Iran after the conquests. Subsequent migrations also took place after the attempts by Safavids to convert their subjects to Shiism. Due to persecution of Zoroastrians in other countries and the liberal atmosphere and patronisation of India, today the largest population of Zoroastrians resides in India, where Zoroastrians have been allowed to play a notable role in the Indian economy, entertainment, the armed forces, and the Indian freedom movement during British Raj. The Zoroastrian groups are regarded as either Parsi or Irani depending on the time of migration to India.
  • 3.7K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glucose-Lowering Medications in Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common underestimated complication of diabetes mellitus that affects more than 50% of people with diabetes. Diabetes dramatically raises the risk of developing ED by 2.5-fold. Despite that several studies have explained the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the generation of erectile failure, few studies to date have described the efficacy of glucose-lowering medications in the restoration of normal sexual activity. Herein, we will present current knowledge about the main starters of the pathophysiology of diabetic ED and explore the role of different anti-diabetes therapies in the potential remission of ED, highlighting specific pathways whose activation or inhibition could be fundamental for sexual care in a diabetes setting.
  • 3.7K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia
Coffea arabica L. belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and the genus Coffea is believed to have a primary center of origin and genetic variability in the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. It is a vital beverage commodity across the world and a valuable export product, ranking second in international trade after petroleum. Ethiopia is among the top five major coffee-producing countries and is Africa’s leading producer. However, its full production capacity has not yet been exploited, and research efforts to reduce biotic and abiotic factors through reproduction have been extremely limited. Hence, improvement through different breeding methods is essential to overcome the constraints in its production. 
  • 3.7K
  • 26 Oct 2021
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