Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Nahdia Afiifah Abdul Jalil
 -- 2959 2023-02-01 04:43:39 |
2 Reference format revised.
Lindsay Dong
 -1 word(s) 2958 2023-02-02 01:31:44 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Rashid, N.A.;  Mohammed, S.N.F.;  Halim, S.A.S.A.;  Ghafar, N.A.;  Jalil, N.A.A. Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40701 (accessed on 15 November 2024).
Rashid NA,  Mohammed SNF,  Halim SASA,  Ghafar NA,  Jalil NAA. Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40701. Accessed November 15, 2024.
Rashid, Norhashima Abd, Siti Nur Farhana Mohammed, Syarifah Aisyah Syed Abd Halim, Norzana Abd Ghafar, Nahdia Afiifah Abdul Jalil. "Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40701 (accessed November 15, 2024).
Rashid, N.A.,  Mohammed, S.N.F.,  Halim, S.A.S.A.,  Ghafar, N.A., & Jalil, N.A.A. (2023, February 01). Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40701
Rashid, Norhashima Abd, et al. "Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 February, 2023.
Honey and Propolis in Ocular Disease Treatment
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ph15111419

Honey and propolis have recently become the key target of attention for treating certain diseases and promoting overall health and well-being. A high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids found in both honey and propolis contributes to the antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals. Honey and propolis also exhibited antibacterial effects where they act in two ways, namely the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acids following the enzymatic activities of glucose oxidase, which exerts oxidative damage on the bacteria. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of honey and propolis are mainly by reducing proinflammatory factors such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Their effects on pain were discovered through modulation at a peripheral nociceptive neuron or binding to an opioid receptor in the higher center. The aforementioned properties of honey have been reported to possess potential therapeutic topical application on the exterior parts of the eyes, particularly in treating conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, and corneal injury. In contrast, most of the medicinal values of propolis are beneficial in the internal ocular area, such as the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. 

honey propolis natural product antioxidants anti-inflammatory antimicrobial ocular disease

1. Introduction

Honey is naturally sweetened food that is collected by honeybees from floral nectar and sometimes from insect secretions called aphids [1]. Most of the honey content is made up of sugars, predominantly fructose and glucose, with modest amounts of fructo-oligosaccharides [1]. Most of the pharmacological properties of honey, including antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory, are attributable to the presence of flavonoids (pinocembrin, kaempferol, quercetin, galangin, apigenin, and chrysin) and phenolic acids (ellagic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, benzoic, and rosmarinic acids) [2]. Most of these compounds work synergistically to provide a wide spectrum of biological capabilities [2]. Figure 1 shows the flavonoids compound in honey.
/media/item_content/202302/63db006685378pharmaceuticals-15-01419-g001.png
Figure 1. Flavonoids compound in honey and propolis.
On the other hand, propolis is used by honeybees as a medium to patch any cracks or fragments found in the hive to help prevent the predator’s attack. Propolis functions as a thermal insulator to maintain the interior temperature of beehives at 35 °C. In addition, propolis hardens the cell wall, contributing to the aseptic conditions in the hives [3]. Propolis is a balsamic and resinous compound secreted by bees that are made up of a mixture of 50% plant resins, 30% waxes, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 5% pollen, and 5% other organic components [4]. Among the flavonoids found in propolis are pinocembrin, acacetin, chrysin, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, myricetin, catechin, naringenin, galangin, and quercetin; two phenolic acids, caffeic acid and cinnamic acid; and one stilbene derivative called resveratrol has been found in propolis extracts [5]. Propolis is also enriched with essential vitamins such as B1, B2, B6, C, and E and beneficial minerals such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron [6]. Phenolic compounds that contribute to a wide range of health-promoting benefits can be found practically in all propolis forms, irrespective of their geographical origin and season [5]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show some flavonoids and phenolic acids found in honey and propolis.
/media/item_content/202302/63db007da4318pharmaceuticals-15-01419-g002.png
Figure 2. Phenolic acids in honey and propolis.

2. Medicinal Properties of Honey

2.1. Antioxidant

The presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, ascorbic acids, proteins, and carotenoids in honey contributes to its antioxidant properties [7]. Antioxidants prevent damage from oxidants such as O2, OH-, superoxide, and/or lipid peroxyl radicals. The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant agents causes oxidative stress [7]. Inflammation, infection, and cancer are susceptible to oxidative stress. The defense system of cells produces free radicals and oxidative protective substances, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols [8].
Many studies on honey from diverse floral origins and regions have demonstrated the great antioxidant characteristics of honey [9]. Phenolic acids of honey protect against DNA damage by chelating ferrous ions and scavenging hydrogen peroxide [10]. Additionally, phenolic acids scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, in addition to the deactivation of peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, and nitric oxide [9]. Melanoidins, products of the Maillard reaction, were found to be the main constituents for the radical scavenging capacity of honey [11]. The antioxidant activity of gallic acid involves the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway [12]. Gallic acid also suppressed oxidative stress by modulating Nrf2-HO-1-NF-κB signaling pathways [13].

2.2. Antibacterial

The antibacterial properties of honey have been widely used for treating and preventing wound infections for many years [14]. Primarily, the antibacterial effects of honey have been associated with two theories: peroxide and non-peroxide activities [15]. In peroxide theory, the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acids following the enzymatic activities of glucose oxidase in honey exerts oxidative damage on the bacteria. This happens when the H2O2 degrades the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), inhibiting its growth [11][16]. The presence of gluconic acid in honey together with H2O2 as a result of oxidation of oxygen upon dilution has been found to be part of the antimicrobial property of honey. Both components exhibit synergistic antibacterial mechanisms by affecting the polarity of the cell membrane and the integrity of the cell wall [17].
The non-peroxide theory describes the contribution of various essential flavonoids and phenolic compounds that exert their individual bacterial-fighting mechanism. These are in addition to the physicochemical properties and inert antibiotic properties of honey, including the low acidic pH, high sugar content, and presence of antimicrobial peptides such as bee defensin-1 and methylglyoxal (MGO) phytochemical components in honey [18][19].

2.3. Anti-Inflammatory

Inflammatory pathways impact the pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [20][21], which involves common inflammatory mediators and regulatory pathways. Inflammatory stimuli activate intracellular signaling pathways that trigger inflammatory mediators’ production.
Various studies have evinced the promising anti-inflammatory benefits of honey that could nominate it as a prospective non-pharmaceutical alternative in managing inflammatory conditions [18][22]. During inflammation, there is an augmentation in the numerous proinflammatory factors comprising cytokines such as interleukins (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)); and inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and many others. Additionally, there is also infiltration of various inflammatory cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes [7][18]. It has been inferred that these out-turns have resulted from the activation of inflammatory pathway components, namely the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) that regulate the downstream inflammatory mediators [7]. Generally, any alteration in the physiology of inflammation produced by honey may suggest their anti-inflammatory effects.

2.4. Anti-Nociceptive

Honey has the potential as an analgesic because it eases pain via modulation at a peripheral nociceptive neuron or binding to an opioid receptor in the higher center. Pain from the periphery is transmitted through Aδ or C fibers synapse initially at the dorsal horn of grey matter, the primary afferent neuron. Subsequently, endogenous mediators, including substance P, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, and prostaglandin, are released to stimulate peripheral nociceptive neurons. Later, the pain is transmitted to the higher center, the somatosensory cortex, via the spinothalamic tract [23].

3. Medicinal Properties of Propolis

3.1. Antioxidants

The antioxidant properties of propolis are due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. The estimation of its antioxidant activity was confirmed using DPPH, ABTS+, FRAP, and ORAC assays. According to published data, propolis extracts typically have total phenolic contents of 30 to 200 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight, flavonoid contents of 30 to 70 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, and DPPH-free radical-scavenging activities of 20 to 190 g/mL [24]. Brazilian green propolis’ strong antioxidant activity is primarily related to its high phenolic content [25]. Contrary to Brazilian propolis, the antioxidant activity of poplar propolis seems to be significantly impacted by both its total polyphenol and total flavonoid levels [26]. The amount and content of the bioactive compound of the propolis vary as it is largely influenced by many factors such as bee species, season, temperature, and geographical location [27]. Therefore the antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, and the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of the propolis are also dependent on the aforementioned factors.

3.2. Antibacterial

Propolis tends to interfere with the bacteria’s pathogenic potential by reducing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, impairing bacterial cell membrane permeability, disrupting membrane potential, retarding bacterial motility, and hindering bacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA production [4].
Propolis is believed to inhibit protein synthesis and cause partial bacterial lysis. Together with antibiotics, propolis might enhance the antibacterial effect and shorten the healing period [28]. On the other hand, synergism between propolis and several antibiotics was verified in many studies [29][30]. A combination of Chilean propolis with antibiotics such as amikacin and tetracycline exhibited synergism, especially against S. aureus [29]. In addition, the synergy between Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis and antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and neomycin) resulted in bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, respectively, which acted on the ribosome against S. Typhi [30].

3.3. Anti-Inflammatory

Propolis, such as honey, has anti-inflammatory properties due to its numerous bioactive components. One of the polyphenols contained in propolis is caffeic acid. In lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammation, both propolis and caffeic acid suppressed NO production in macrophages by downregulating NF-κB pathways and attenuating p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 phosphorylation [31]. Ethyl ester of arachic acid extract of propolis originated from Tala-Mokolo, Cameroon, possessed anti-inflammatory effects in both acute and chronic phases. Arachic acid ethyl ester profoundly inhibited the edema production in the paws and ears of the rat model, suggesting the potential role of this compound to suppress the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, and histamine or by inhibiting cyclooxygenase pathway [32]. Cinnamic acid derivatives present in the Brazilian propolis extract, such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and artepillin C, inhibited IL-17 synthesis in cultured murine splenocytes by lowering retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gT expression. Other compounds of Brazilian propolis, including baccharin, culifolin, and drupanin, suppressed inflammatory signaling in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, thus lowering TNF- and/or IL-6 production. Together, the anti-inflammatory activity of Brazilian propolis is mediated in part through the control of Th17 differentiation and macrophage activation by cinnamic acid derivatives [33].

3.4. Anti-Nociceptive

The analgesic effect of propolis has been studied extensively in several animal models. In a tail flick experiment, a water extract of Anatolian green propolis produced a strong analgesic effect. Supplementation of this propolis to the toothpaste formulations has been shown to have analgesic activity and could be used as a component in treating periodontal disease [34].

4. Medicinal Values of Honey-Related Products on Ocular Diseases

By considering the existing treatment modalities for eye diseases, the administration of honey is mainly targeted for its topical use. Therefore, studies involving honey in eye diseases have been focusing more on eye drops and ointment [35]. Among the eye diseases that have been incorporated with the beneficial honey application are typically conditions affecting structures of the ocular surface, mainly the conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelid.
At present, different types of honey have been tested clinically for use in the medical field, but they are yet to achieve medical-grade status. Currently, the available MGH for use in ophthalmology is a Manuka-based (Optimel) eye drop that was indicated for the treatment of chronic dry eye and blepharitis [35].

4.1. Conjunctivitis

Topical application of stingless bee honey in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa induced conjunctivitis for 12 hours for two weeks reduced the inflammatory signs, duration of infection, and time for complete resolution of bacterial infection. This finding was comparable with the gentamicin-treated group [36]. In a double-blind clinical trial in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, adjuvant therapy of 60% honey-based topical eye drop has resulted in a reduction in eye redness and limbal papillae, with promising minimal use of steroids and minimal increase in eye pressure [37]. Given that vernal keratoconjunctivitis is an allergic inflammatory eye disease, honey may have helped to alleviate the symptoms by reducing inflammatory reactions [37].

4.2. Keratitis

In a rabbit model of Pseudomonas-induced keratitis, topical Tualang honey 30% displayed similar results to topical gentamicin and a combination of both in terms of clinical and antimicrobial effects. Clinically, all three treatments (Tualang honey, gentamicin, and mixed of both) improved conjunctival hyperemia though no apparent effects on corneal edema. Slit lamp examination score, a collective score of corneal infiltrates, corneal ulcer, hypopyon, and corneal perforation, were almost similar. Additionally, the Tualang honey and gentami

4.3. Blepharitis

A preclinical study on the cyclodextrin-complexed MGO Manuka honey microemulsion (MHME) has shown to be effective in inhibiting bacterial growth in blepharitis. The in vitro study found that S. aureus and S. epidermidis growth were suppressed at doses of 400 mg/kg and 550 mg/kg of MGO. Subsequent instillation of either diluted MGO MHME or saline control in rabbit eyes revealed the safety and tolerability of the MHME. During this in vivo phase, no significant immediate or cumulative harmful effects were identified upon the evaluation of tear film osmolarity, lipid layer grade, tear evaporation rate, fluorescein staining, phenol red thread, corneal opacity, conjunctival hyperemia and iris appearance grades [38]. Therefore, MHME was further tested on human subjects in the form of eye cream for periocular application for a two-weeks duration. The MHME eye cream caused no significant changes in clinical (visual acuity, eyelid irritation, ocular surface characteristics) and impression cytology evaluation (matrix metalloproteinase-9, IL-6, and MUC5AC) [39], implying the safety and tolerability of MHME eye cream in the clinical study despite transient ocular stinging, which disappeared after water irrigation. 

4.4. Corneal Injury

Proliferation is one of the primary steps in wound healing to repopulate the injured area [40]. In a study by Ker-woon et al. (2014), Acacia honey (AH), which is a monofloral honey yielded by Apis mellifera honeybees, has been studied for its proliferative capacity on corneal epithelial cells (CEC). AH enhanced the proliferation of CEC while preserving its normal histological features and cell cycle, accompanied by increased DNA content and cell nuclei [41]. In subsequent in vitro corneal abrasion models, AH accelerated the wound closure, likely attributed to the additional ATP supply of AH. Moreover, AH upregulated both genes and proteins expression of cytokeratin-3, a cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), and fibronectin [42]. Fibronectin and CD44 expressions were enhanced during the initial and middle phases of the experiment, respectively. This is in accordance with the function of fibronectin in the early phase of wound healing as a temporary extracellular matrix to aid cellular migration [43]. Similarly, CD44 aids the migratory phase by providing adhesive durability for cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions [42].

4.5. Dry Eye

Optimel Manuka+ Dry Eye drops (Optimel) is an MGH containing a proprietary mix of 16% Leptospermum spp. (manuka) honey and other Australian and New Zealand honey, which have been approved to treat chronic dry eye conditions and blepharitis [44]. A study was carried out to investigate the effects of Optimel eye drop on contact lens-related dry eye by comparing two ways of treatment. One group received the Optimel eye drop for two weeks, followed by another two weeks of conventional lubricant (Systane Ultra), while the other group received the reverse pattern of the treatment. Following Optimel eye drop treatment, dry eye symptoms were significantly alleviated. However, the overall signs of dry eyes seemed to have no significant difference, probably due to the limited time of treatment. However, a majority of the subjects reported good compliance with Optimel eye drop treatment, indicating its safety in reducing dry eye symptoms in contact lens wearers [44]. 

Manuka honey nasal spray with or without a combination of Optimel eye drops in chronic rhinosinusitis with concurrent dry eye symptoms was reported to cause a significant improvement in nasal symptoms (both groups) and ocular symptoms (eye drop combination group only). Decongestion of the nose and lubrication of the eyes were observed after four weeks of treatment, which were evaluated using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and OSDI score, respectively [45]. Presumably, the strong anti-biofilm property of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey [46] might be contributing to the alleviation of chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms as bacterial biofilms are thought to be one of the aetiological factors of chronic rhinosinusitis [47]. As the co-application of manuka eye drop and nasal spray was safe and non-toxic with proven clinical efficacy, a combined use of both has shown a promising potential to relieve chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms with concurrent dry eye symptoms [45]. Figure 3 summarizes the medicinal values of honey in treating ocular disease.
/media/item_content/202302/63db02af663efpharmaceuticals-15-01419-g003.png
Figure 3. Medicinal values of honey in treating ocular disease.

5. Medicinal Values of Propolis on Ocular Diseases

Propolis is a natural product that has valuable pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. With more than 300 biologically active components, propolis has thus far been shown to be effective in treating various ocular diseases in animal and in vitro models [48]. Its efficacy in ocular diseases is likely attributable to its antiglaucoma, antiangiogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing agent, and neuroprotective properties [48][49][50][51].

Glaucoma is a disease caused by various factors, including mechanical damage due to increased intraocular pressure or vascular dysregulation that interferes with trabecular meshwork [49]. Previous studies demonstrated that a combination of propolis-acetazolamide can act as a neuroprotector to preserve the normal secondary structure of optic nerve protein. This can be directly connected to the higher content of hydrocarbon chains in propolis [49]. Furthermore, propolis also consists of 18% of triterpenes, which might play a role as an antioxidant agent that reduces intraocular pressure. The increase in intraocular pressure might contribute to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and, finally, glaucoma [52]. In addition, Brazilian green propolis demonstrated neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells through the upregulation of histone acetylation, downregulation of apoptotic stimuli and suppression in NF-ĸB mediated inflammatory pathway in the ischaemic retina in mice [50][53]. In gamma radiation-induced cataracts in Sprague Dawley rats, 80 mg/kg of propolis was found to modulate the antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase, and malondialdehyde) [54].
The cornea is a transparent, avascular barrier that allows external light to enter the eye. Corneal edema, opacity, and neovascularization are common corneal responses to pathologies, and they have a negative impact on vision quality [55]. The ability of the amniotic membrane to repair corneal defects has long been known. Amniotic membrane is avascular, rich in antiangiogenic factors, inhibits proteinase activity when transplanted to the cornea, and reduces neovascularization and fibrosis while inducing epithelization [56][57]. Previous studies showed that the combination of amniotic membrane and propolis successfully treated subacute alkaline burns of the cornea, accompanied by faster regression of the defect area [51].

References

  1. Ajibola, A. Novel Insights into the Health Importance of Natural Honey. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2015, 22, 7–22.
  2. Da Silva, P.M.; Gauche, C.; Gonzaga, L.V.; Costa, A.C.O.; Fett, R. Honey: Chemical composition, stability and authenticity. Food Chem. 2016, 196, 309–323.
  3. Shehu, A.; Ismail, S.; Rohin, M.; Harun, A.; Aziz, A.; Haque, M. Antifungal Properties of Malaysian Tualang Honey and Stingless Bee Propolis against Candida Albicans and Cryptococcus Neoformans. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 6, 44–50.
  4. Przybyłek, I.; Karpiński, T.M. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules 2019, 24, 2047.
  5. Zulhendri, F.; Chandrasekaran, K.; Kowacz, M.; Ravalia, M.; Kripal, K.; Fearnley, J.; Perera, C. Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis: A Review. Foods 2021, 10, 1360.
  6. Pasupuleti, V.R.; Sammugam, L.; Ramesh, N.; Gan, S.H. Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 1259510.
  7. Ahmed, S.; Sulaiman, S.A.; Baig, A.A.; Ibrahim, M.; Liaqat, S.; Fatima, S.; Jabeen, S.; Shamim, N.; Othman, N.H. Honey as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Its Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 2018, 8367846.
  8. Nagai, T.; Sakai, M.; Inoue, R.; Inoue, H.; Suzuki, N. Antioxidative activities of some commercially honeys, royal jelly, and propolis. Food Chem. 2001, 75, 237–240.
  9. Silva, C.F.; Rosalen, P.L.; Soares, J.C.; Massarioli, A.P.; Campestrini, L.H.; Semarini, R.A.; Ikegaki, M.; Alencar, S.M. Polyphenols in Brazilian organic honey and their scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. J. Apic. Res. 2020, 59, 136–145.
  10. Cheng, N.; Cao, W.; Wang, Y. The Protective Effect of Whole Honey and Phenolic Extract on Oxidative DNA Damage in Mice Lymphocytes Using Comet Assay. Mater. Veg. 2017, 72, 388–395.
  11. Brudzynski, K. A current perspective on hydrogen peroxide production in honey. A review. Food Chem. 2020, 332, 127229.
  12. Radan, M.; Dianat, M.; Badavi, M.; Mard, S.A.; Bayati, V.; Goudarzi, G. In vivo and in vitro evidence for the involvement of Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by particulate matter (PM10): The effective role of gallic acid. Free Radic. Res. 2019, 53, 210–225.
  13. Sohrabi, F.; Dianat, M.; Badavi, M.; Radan, M.; Mard, S.A. Gallic acid suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating Nrf2-HO-1-NF-κB signaling pathways in elastase-induced emphysema in rats. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 56822–56834.
  14. Movaffagh, J.; Bazzaz, B.S.F.; Yazdi, A.T.; Sajadi-Tabassi, A.; Azizzadeh, M.; Najafi, E.; Amiri, N.; Taghanaki, H.B.; Ebrahimzadeh, M.H.; Moradi, A. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Effects of Chitosan-hydrogel/Honey Compounds in a Rat Full-thickness Wound Model. Wounds 2019, 31, 228–235.
  15. Sowa, P.; Grabek-Lejko, D.; Wesołowska, M.; Swacha, S.; Dżugan, M. Hydrogen peroxide-dependent antibacterial action of Melilotus albus honey. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2017, 65, 82–89.
  16. Almasaudi, S. The antibacterial activities of honey. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 2188–2196.
  17. Masoura, M.; Passaretti, P.; Overton, T.W.; Lund, P.A.; Gkatzionis, K. Use of a model to understand the synergies underlying the antibacterial mechanism of H2O2-producing honeys. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 17692.
  18. Vallianou, N.G.; Gounari, P.; Skourtis, A.; Panagos, J.; Kazazis, C. Honey and its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Oxidant Properties. Gen. Med. 2014, 2, 1–5.
  19. Nolan, V.C.; Harrison, J.; Cox, J.A. Dissecting the antimicrobial composition of honey. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 251.
  20. Rehman, K.; Akash, M.S.H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: How are they interlinked? J. Biomed. Sci. 2016, 23, 87.
  21. Rehman, K.; Akash, M.S.H.; Liaqat, A.; Kamal, S.; Qadir, M.I.; Rasul, A. Role of Interleukin-6 in Development of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 2017, 27, 229–236.
  22. Mandal, P.; Khan, M.I.; Shah, S. Drugs—Do we need them? Applications of non-pharmaceutical therapy in anterior eye disease: A review. Contact Lens Anterior Eye 2017, 40, 360–366.
  23. Yam, M.F.; Loh, Y.C.; Tan, C.S.; Adam, S.K.; Manan, N.A.; Basir, R. General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2164.
  24. Ahmed, S.; Othman, N.H. Honey as a Potential Natural Anticancer Agent: A Review of Its Mechanisms. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 829070.
  25. Zhang, C.; Shen, X.; Chen, J.; Jiang, X.; Hu, F. Identification of Free Radical Scavengers from Brazilian Green Propolis Using Off-Line HPLC-DPPH Assay and LC-MS. J. Food Sci. 2017, 82, 1602–1607.
  26. Tomasin, R.; Gomes-Marcondes, M.C.C. Oral administration of Aloe vera and honey reduces walker tumour growth by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis in tumour tissue. Phytother. Res. 2011, 25, 619–623.
  27. Šuran, J.; Cepanec, I.; Mašek, T.; Radić, B.; Radić, S.; Gajger, I.T.; Vlainić, J. Propolis extract and its bioactive compounds—From traditional to modern extraction technologies. Molecules 2021, 26, 2930.
  28. Oryan, A.; Alemzadeh, E.; Moshiri, A. Potential role of propolis in wound healing: Biological properties and therapeutic activities. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 98, 469–483.
  29. Okińczyc, P.; Paluch, E.; Franiczek, R.; Widelski, J.; Wojtanowski, K.K.; Mroczek, T.; Krzyżanowska, B.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Sroka, Z. Antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera L. and Trigona sp. propolis from Nepal and its phytochemical analysis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 129, 110435.
  30. Orsi, R.; Fernandes, A.; Bankova, V.; Sforcin, J. The effects of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis in vitro against Salmonella Typhi and their synergism with antibiotics acting on the ribosome. Nat. Prod. Res. 2012, 26, 430–437.
  31. Búfalo, M.C.; Ferreira, I.; Costa, G.; Francisco, V.; Liberal, J.; Cruz, M.T.; Lopes, M.C.; Batista, M.T.; Sforcin, J.M. Propolis and its constituent caffeic acid suppress LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory response by blocking NF-κB and MAPK activation in macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 149, 84–92.
  32. Sokeng, S.D.; Talla, E.; Sakava, P.; Tagne, M.A.F.; Henoumont, C.; Sophie, L.; Mbafor, J.T.; Fohouo, F.-N.T. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect of Arachic Acid Ethyl Ester Isolated from Propolis. BioMed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 8797284.
  33. Shimizu, Y.; Suzuki, T. Brazilian propolis extract reduces intestinal barrier defects and inflammation in a colitic mouse model. Nutr. Res. 2019, 69, 30–41.
  34. Okamoto, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Fukui, T.; Masuzawa, T. Brazilian propolis inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells by inhibition of interleukin-6-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Immunopharm. Immunot. 2012, 34, 803–809.
  35. Majtanova, N.; Cernak, M.; Majtan, J. Honey: A Natural Remedy for Eye Diseases. Complement. Med. Res. 2016, 23, 364–369.
  36. Ilechie, A.A.; Kwapong, P.K.; Kyei, S.; Mate-Kole, E.; Darko-Takyi, C. The efficacy of stingless bee honey for the treatment of bacteria-induced conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. J. Exp. Pharmacol. 2012, 4, 63–68.
  37. Salehi, A.; Jabarzare, S.; Neurmohamadi, M.; Kheiri, S.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. A Double Blind Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Honey Drop in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, 287540.
  38. Craig, J.P.; Rupenthal, I.D.; Seyfoddin, A.; Cheung, I.M.Y.; Uy, B.; Wang, M.T.M.; A Watters, G.; Swift, S. Preclinical development of MGO Manuka Honey microemulsion for blepharitis management. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2016, 1, e000065.
  39. Craig, J.P.; Wang, M.T.M.; Ganesalingam, K.; Rupenthal, I.D.; Swift, S.; Loh, C.S.; Weehi, L.T.; Cheung, I.M.Y.; A Watters, G. Randomised masked trial of the clinical safety and tolerability of MGO Manuka Honey eye cream for the management of blepharitis. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2017, 1, e000066.
  40. Domingo, E.; Moshirfar, M.; Zabbo, C.P. Corneal Abrasion; StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2021.
  41. Ker-Woon, C.; Ghafar, N.A.; Hui, C.K.; Yusof, Y.A.M.; Luan, N.S. Proliferative Capacity of in Vitro Corneal Epithelium: Role of Acacia Honey in the Initial Step of Wound Healing. J. Med. Bioeng. 2014, 3, 107–112.
  42. Ker-Woon, C.; Ghafar, N.A.; Hui, C.K.; Yusof, Y.A.M.; Ngah, W.Z.W. The effects of acacia honey on in vitro corneal abrasion wound healing model. BMC Cell Biol. 2015, 16, 2.
  43. Hsiao, C.-T.; Cheng, H.-W.; Huang, C.-M.; Li, H.-R.; Ou, M.-H.; Huang, J.-R.; Khoo, K.-H.; Yu, H.W.; Chen, Y.-Q.; Wang, Y.-K.; et al. Fibronectin in cell adhesion and migration via N-glycosylation. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 70653–70668.
  44. Wong, D.; Albietz, J.M.; Tran, H.; Du Toit, C.; Li, A.H.; Yun, T.; Han, J.; Schmid, K.L. Treatment of contact lens related dry eye with antibacterial honey. Contact Lens Anterior Eye 2017, 40, 389–393.
  45. Perng, A.; Albietz, J.; Fung, K.; Ho, S.; Le, K.; Schmid, K. Treatment of Rhinosinusitis and Dry Eye with an Antibacterial Honey Nasal Spray. J. Apitherapy 2016, 1, 36–42.
  46. Alandejani, T.; Marsan, J.; Ferris, W.; Slinger, R.; Chan, F. Effectiveness of honey on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg. 2009, 141, 114–118.
  47. Cohen, M.; Kofonow, J.; Nayak, J.V.; Palmer, J.N.; Chiu, A.; Leid, J.G.; Cohen, N. Biofilms in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Review. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2009, 23, 255–260.
  48. Scorza, F.A.; de Almeida, A.-C.G.; Fiorini, A.C.; Scorza, C.A.; Finsterer, J. Fighting eye diseases with Brazilian Green Propolis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 140, 111740.
  49. Mahmoud, S.S.; ElAbrak, E.S.; Aly, M.A.; Ali, E.M. Oculohypotensive effects of various acetozolamide nanopreparations for topical treatment of animal model-induced glaucoma and their impact on optic nerve. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0212588.
  50. Park, J.W.; Sung, M.S.; Ha, J.Y.; Guo, Y.; Piao, H.; Heo, H.; Park, S.W. Neuroprotective Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Ischemic Mouse Retina. Curr. Eye Res. 2020, 45, 955–964.
  51. Bozkan, Z.; Belge, A.; Sarierler, M.; Tunca, R.; Yaygingül, R.; Ipek, E. Tavşanlarda Korneanın Subakut Alkali Yanıklarında Amniyotik Membran Transplantasyonu, Topikal Su Bazlı Propolis Ekstraktı, Kortikosteriod ve Antibiyotiğin Farklı Kombinasyonlarda Kullanımının Etkinliğinin Karşılaştırılması. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2019, 25, 825–833.
  52. Skulachev, V.P.; Iomdina, E.N.; Maslova, I.P.K.; Robustova, O.V.; Averina, O.A.; Kovaleva, N.A.; Aliev, G.; Reddy, V.P.; Zamyatnin, A.A.; Skulachev, M.V.; et al. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 reverses glaucomatous lesions in rabbits. Front. Biosci. 2015, 20, 892–901.
  53. Jia, Y.; Jiang, S.; Chen, C.; Lu, G.; Xie, Y.; Sun, X.; Huang, L. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory responses in Müller cells and protects against retinal ganglion cell death. Mol. Med. Rep. 2019, 19, 4863–4871.
  54. Demir, E.; Taysi, S.; Al, B.; Demir, T.; Okumus, S.; Saygili, O.; Saricicek, E.; Dirier, A.; Akan, M.; Tarakcioglu, M.; et al. The effects of Nigella sativa oil, thymoquinone, propolis, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on radiation-induced cataract. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2016, 128, 587–595.
  55. Sharma, N.; Singh, D.; Maharana, P.K.; Kriplani, A.; Velpandian, T.; Pandey, R.M.; Vajpayee, R.B. Comparison of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation and Umbilical Cord Serum in Acute Ocular Chemical Burns: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 168, 157–163.
  56. Jirsova, K.; Jones, G.L.A. Amniotic membrane in ophthalmology: Properties, preparation, storage and indications for grafting—A review. Cell Tissue Bank. 2017, 18, 193–204.
  57. Knollinger, A.M.; McDonald, J.E.; Carpenter, N.A.; Crook, E.K. Use of equine amniotic membrane free-island grafts for treatment of a midstromal corneal ulcer and descemetocele in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia). J. Am. Veter Med. Assoc. 2018, 253, 1623–1629.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Norhashima Abd Rashid
,
Siti Nur Farhana Mohammed
,
Syarifah Aisyah Syed Abd Halim
,
Norzana Abd Ghafar
,
Nahdia Afiifah Abdul Jalil
View Times: 1.6K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 02 Feb 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback