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Topic Review
Abiotic Stress in Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a species of Poaceae, is a ubiquitous staple food worldwide, offering vital nutrients, including carbohydrates, thiamin, folate, calcium, iron, pantothenic acid, and energy.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Soapy Plants
Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Salinity Stress in Chloroplasts
Salinity is a growing problem affecting soils and agriculture in many parts of the world. The presence of salt in plant cells disrupts many basic metabolic processes, contributing to severe negative effects on plant development and growth. 
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin Regulate ROS and NO
Abiotic stress in plants is an increasingly common problem in agriculture, and thus, studies on plant treatments with specific compounds that may help to mitigate these effects have increased in recent years. Melatonin (MET) application and its role in mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants have become important in the last few years. MET, a derivative of tryptophan, is an important plant-related response molecule involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants, and the induction of different stress factors. In addition, MET plays a protective role against different abiotic stresses such as salinity, high/low temperature, high light, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency and stress combination by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, MET interacts with many signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. It is well known that NO produces S-nitrosylation and NO2-Tyr of important antioxidant-related proteins, with this being an important mechanism for maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the AsA/GSH cycle under nitro-oxidative conditions, as extensively reviewed here under different abiotic stress conditions.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tea Tree Oil Induced Resistance
The essential tea tree oil (TTO) derived from Melaleuca alternifolia plant is widely used as a biopesticide to protect crops from several plant-pathogens. TTO was approved by the European Union (EU) and included in the positive list of the EU, in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC for registration of Plant Protection Products. TTO is classified as a low risk substance in Europe. This oil is in large use in cosmetics and in medicine.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Two phytochrome A Types in Plants
The phytochrome (phy) system of plants with the main phyA and phyB controls their development beginning from seed germination to fruiting and senescence. The regulation reactions are categorized into three modes—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is unique among the other phytochromes; it is major in etiolated seedlings and light-labile, and mediates all the three photoresponse modes. The phyB is light-stable, dominates in deetiolated plants, and performs the LFR. The phyA is itself heterogeneous which may explain its functional complexity. It comprises two native types, phyA′ and phyA″, the products of post-translational modification of the molecule at the N-terminus, possibly, via serine phosphorylation. This alters chromophore-apoprotein interactions resulting in the different photochemical, phenomenological, and functional properties of the two phyA pools. The phyA′ is major, water-soluble, and light-labile; the phyA″ is minor, amphiphilic, and relatively light-stable. The phyA′ mediates the VLFR whereas the water-soluble fraction of phyA″ is responsible for the HIR and LFR, the processes taking place in the nucleus. The membrane- (protein-) associated fraction of phyA” is likely to participate in the cytoplasmic photoregulation processes. The phyA pools' functions—their mode, intensity and sign—depend on plant's species, genotype and organ/tissue. The evidence of the existence of the two distinct phyA types in a plant, and their physicochemical properties and their role in the phyA functioning are discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. Recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Quality Attributes in Centella asiatica(L.) Urban
Centella asiatica is well known for its miraculous therapeutic properties in various systems of traditional medicine across the world. However, significant variation in its pharmacological activities has been reported due to the unavailability of quality raw material and non-standardized formulations. A number of research papers have been published on the collection of C. asiatica plants from different regions for the identification of a suitable agroclimate with elite germplasms. Efforts have been made to standardize production and post-harvest practices for the availability of quality raw material with a high centelloside content. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant
This entry highlghts the role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on plant nutrition and growth. AMFimproves plant nutrition and helps them to cope with environment stresses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Multi-Omics Approaches and Resources in the Plant Kingdom
In higher plants, the complexity of a system and the components within and among species are rapidly dissected by omics technologies. Multi-omics datasets are integrated to infer and enable a comprehensive understanding of the life processes of organisms of interest. Further, growing open-source datasets coupled with the emergence of high-performance computing and development of computational tools for biological sciences have assisted in silico functional prediction of unknown genes, proteins and metabolites, otherwise known as uncharacterized.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress Responses in Maize
High temperatures causing heat stress disturb cellular homeostasis and impede growth and development in plants. Extensive agricultural losses are attributed to heat stress, often in combination with other stresses. Plants have evolved a variety of responses to heat stress to minimize damage and to protect themselves from further stress. A narrow temperature window separates growth from heat stress, and the range of temperatures conferring optimal growth often overlap with those producing heat stress. Heat stress induces a cytoplasmic heat stress response (HSR) in which heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) activate a constellation of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs).
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Climate Change on Grapevines, Berries, Wine
Grapevine and wine production is vulnerable to the effect of climate change. Heat and water stress related to climate change can affect vine phenology, pest and disease pressure, crop yield, and berry and wine composition.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Corona and Ayurveda
Abstract: Globalized hunger or having less food production due to Corona is one of the results of unorganized vast development, lack of knowledge within the series of event in a fraction of century for the economic upgrade which hampers health, environment, the consciousness of the public too and increase marginalized life which covers poverty, lack of health knowledge. Ayurveda explains the condition of the body and variation of food with Dosha, Desha, Dinacharya, Ritucharya which for quality of life which refers to the balance of multi-functional part of the body for having multi-benefit which is the basis of quality life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
High-Anthocyanin Purple Rice
Purple rice is recognized as a source of natural anthocyanin compounds among health-conscious consumers who employ rice as their staple food. Anthocyanin is one of the major antioxidant compounds that protect against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause cellular damage in plants and animals, including humans.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Seed Dormancy
The seed is the propagule of higher plants and allows its dissemination and the survival of the species. Seed dormancy prevents premature germination under favourable conditions. Dormant seeds are only able to germinate in a narrow range of conditions. During after-ripening (AR), a mechanism of dormancy release, seeds gradually lose dormancy through a period of dry storage. Part of this review focuses on how the methylation of mRNA and genomic DNA affects gene expression upon late stages of seed development, especially during dormancy. DNA methylation is a well-known epigenetic mechanism of controlling gene expression. In Arabidopsis thaliana, while there is a global increase in CHH-context methylation through embryogenesis, global DNA methylation levels remain stable during seed dormancy, decreasing when germination occurs. The biological significance of nucleic acid methylation upon seed development is discussed.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Plant Circadian Clock of Brassicaceae
The circadian clock serves to coordinate metabolism and physiology with the diurnal cycles derived from the daily rotation of the earth. In Brassicaceae, circadian rhythms contribute to the temporal daily variation in diverse phytochemicals and, hence, to both resistance to biotic stress and edible crop health value. Evidence that levels of specialized metabolites present in Brassica crops can oscillate rhythmically during a day has begun to accumulate. Consistently, circadian clock also seems to play an essential role in the immunity timing coordination by ensuring appropriate chemical defenses in the right tissue and at the right time, controlling their biosynthesis, transport, and storage. In addition, it has been shown that circadian periodicity during the post-harvest period can also improve the longevity of tissue integrity and phytochemical content in diverse Brassica vegetables. Thus, temporal variation in metabolite concentrations can alter the accumulation of diverse phytochemicals and thereby the overall edible crop health value.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
β-Cyclocitral Marked as Bioactive Compound in Plants
β-cyclocitral (βCC), a main apocarotenoid of β-carotene, increases plants’ resistance against stresses. It has recently appeared as a novel bioactive composite in a variety of organisms from plants to animals. In plants, βCC marked as stress signals that accrue under adverse ecological conditions. βCC regulates nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress tolerance. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stress Memory and Inheritance of Drought Tolerance
Plants respond to drought stress by producing abscisic acid, a chemical messenger that regulates gene expression and thereby expedites various physiological and cellular processes including the stomatal operation to mitigate stress and promote tolerance. To trigger or suppress gene transcription under drought stress conditions, the surrounding chromatin architecture must be converted between a repressive and active state by epigenetic remodeling, which is achieved by the dynamic interplay among DNA methylation, histone modifications, loop formation, and non-coding RNA generation. Plants can memorize chromatin status under drought conditions to enable them to deal with recurrent stress. Furthermore, drought tolerance acquired during plant growth can be transmitted to the next generation. The epigenetically modified chromatin architectures of memory genes under stressful conditions can be transmitted to newly developed cells by mitotic cell division, and to germline cells of offspring by overcoming the restraints on meiosis.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism between Scion and Rootstock
Most tree fruits are commercially grown on different root systems, hence called composite plants. The section provides the root system as the rootstock, and the atop ground portion is called the scion. The combination is selected based on different traits of scion varieties, rootstock, and prevailing edaphic situations. Rootstock selection is one of the most important factors in orchard management because it affects the growth, nutrient accumulation, environmental tolerance, and fruit quality of scion varieties.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chestnuts
Chestnuts (Castanea spp.) are trees of relevant economic interest in the agro-sylvicultural contexts of mountain regions throughout the temperate zone, particularly in the northern hemisphere.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 May 2021
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