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Topic Review
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia (/ˌdɪskælˈkjuːliə/) is a disability resulting in difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations and learning facts in mathematics. It is sometimes informally known as "math dyslexia", though this can be misleading as dyslexia is a different condition from dyscalculia. Dyscalculia is associated with dysfunction in the region around the intraparietal sulcus and potentially also the frontal lobe. Dyscalculia does not reflect a general deficit in cognitive abilities or difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. In 2015 it was established that 11% of children with dyscalculia also have ADHD. Dyscalculia has also been associated with Turner syndrome and people who have spina bifida. Mathematical disabilities can occur as the result of some types of brain injury, in which case the term acalculia is used instead of dyscalculia which is of innate, genetic or developmental origin.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis
Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is believed to underlie disease progression and permanent disability. Many mechanisms of neurodegeneration in MS have been proposed, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and most recently RNA-binding protein dysfunction. Studying RNA-binding protein dysfunction addresses a gap in our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, which may allow for novel therapies to be generated to attenuate neurodegeneration before irreversible central nervous system damage occurs.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Limbic Encephalitis Associated with COVID-19
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an inflammatory disease of the brain, in which lesion is anatomically limited in structures of the limbic system. In some cases, LE can start with symptoms of limbic dysfunction with further involvement of other regions of the brain. Classic LE syndrome includes such symptoms as the development of personality disorders, depression, sleep disorders, epileptic seizures, hallucinations and cognitive disorders (short-term and long-term memory impairment). The information of clinical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid studies (CSF) suggest the diagnosis of LE in most patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Brain Barriers
Barriers between the brain and systemic circulation are dynamic and highly specialized to strictly regulate the access of a wide variety of molecules to the brain. These barriers allow for the delivery of nutrients and other molecules necessary for neuronal functioning, but often limit the permeation of xenobiotics, including drugs. In brain tumors, these barrier functions may be disrupted or altered. However, this disruption is often heterogeneous and not reliable to guaranteee the delivery of efficacious concentrations of antineoplastic agents to brain tumors.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in Neuroinflammation
Innate immune response is one of our primary defense against pathogens infection, although, if dysregulated, it represents the leading cause of chronic tissue inflammation. This dualism is even more present in the central nervous system, where neuroinflammation is both important for the activation of reparatory mechanisms and, at the same time, leads to the release of detrimental factors that induce neurons loss. Key players in modulating the neuroinflammatory response are mitochondria. They are responsible for a variety of cell mechanism that control tissue homeostasis, such as autophagy, apoptosis, energy production and also inflammation. Accordingly, it is widely recognized that mitochondria exert a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, since the neurodegenerative process is highly based on neuroinflammation and tissue damage. Interestingly, it has been suggested that neuroinflammation, and thus mitochondria (dys)function, have a fundamental role in neurodegenerative diseases and also in acute brain damage, such in ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Mismatch Negativity
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a component of the difference waveform derived from passive auditory oddball stimulation.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Action Sports
In the last two decades, non-traditional sports activities characterized by elements such as speed, height, and exposure to natural forces knew a rapid increase in global participation. They are generally referred to as action sports (AS), with the terms adventure sports or extreme sports that could be used as interchangeable synonyms.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Human Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are a heterogeneous group of cells that share a common neurotransmitter phenotype and are in close anatomical proximity but display different functions, sensitivity to degeneration, and axonal innervation targets. The A9 DA neuron subtype controls motor function and is primarily degenerated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), whereas A10 neurons are largely unaffected by the condition, and their dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, DA neurons can only be reliably classified on the basis of topographical features, including anatomical location in the midbrain and projection targets in the forebrain.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Astrocytes
Astrocytes are cerebral cells present in number close to that on neurons (50-60 mld). For decades they were considered only a glue, offering a mechanical and metaboli
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fasciae
The fascia can be defined as a dynamic highly complex connective tissue network composed of different types of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix and nervous fibers: each component plays a specific role in the fascial system changing and responding to stimuli in different ways.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effect of Dutasteride in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord, with consequent weakness, atrophy and the progressive paralysis of all muscles. There is currently no medical cure, and riluzole and edaravone are the only two known approved drugs for treating this condition. However, they have limited efficacy, and hence there is a need to find new molecules. Dutasteride, a dual inhibitor of type 1 and type 2 5α-reductase (5AR) enzymes, the therapeutic purposes of which, to date, are the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia, shows great anti-ALS properties by the molecular-topology methodology.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Paroxysmal Movement Disorders
Paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs) are rare neurological diseases typically manifesting with intermittent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters
Stroke is one of the major culprits responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the currently available pharmacological strategies to combat this global disease are scanty. Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) are expressed in several tissues (including neurons) and extensively contribute to the maintenance of numerous physiological functions including chloride homeostasis.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Brain
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most frequent phakomatosis and one of the most common inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, is characterized by several manifestations that pervasively involve central and peripheral nervous system structures. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies
Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies, also known as protein conformational diseases or amyloidosis, are a group of diseases associated with the deposition of misaggregated proteins in the nervous system.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
A History of Myology
Myology is the science that studies muscles, their physical structure, type of fibers, specific function, and the connections with nerves and between different muscle groups. Interest in Myology includes also neuromuscular disorders. For most of the 20th century, Myology was considered a part of Neurology, while currently it is recognized as an autonomous discipline both at the research and the medical level. From a research point of view, we have witnessed the birth and flourishing of new scientific societies, such as the European Society for Muscle Research (1970), the Mediterranean Society of Myology (1993), the World Muscle Society (1995), the Institute of Myology (1996), the Italian Association of Myology (2000), the British Myology Society (2009), the French Society of Myology(2011), and numerous conferences concerning neuromuscular disorders, In particular, the annual meetings of the World Muscle Society and the Italian Association of Myology will have this year at their future meetings respectively in Charleston and Padova.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory Molecules
Pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, are produced in the brain by resident cells, mainly by microglia and astrocytes. Brain infiltrating immune cells constitutes another source of these molecules, contributing to an impaired neurological synapse function, affecting typical neurobehavioral and cognitive performance. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the notion that behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment can be associated with respiratory viral infections, such as human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and SARS-COV-2, which are responsible for endemic, epidemic, or pandemic outbreak mainly in the winter season.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Parkinson’s Disease Drugs
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder commonly presenting with symptoms of muscle rigidity, instability, tremor, bradykinesia (slow in movement), and lack of coordination. There are conventional drugs used in treating Parkinson’s disease such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, and amantadine. Other drugs used in treating PD related psychosis include antipsychotics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neural Stem Cell
Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic expansions of the triplet cytosine-adenosine-guanosine (CAG) within the Huntingtin gene. These expansions lead to a prolongation of the poly-glutamine stretch at the N-terminus of Huntingtin causing protein misfolding and aggregation. Huntingtin and its pathological variants are widely expressed, but the central nervous system is mainly a ected, as proved by the wide spectrum of neurological symptoms, including behavioral anomalies, cognitive decline and motor disorders. Other hallmarks of HD are loss of body weight and muscle atrophy. This review highlights some key elements that likely provide a major contribution to muscle atrophy, namely, alteration of the transcriptional processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, which is strictly correlated to loss of energy homeostasis, inflammation, apoptosis and defects in the processes responsible for the protein quality control. The improvement of muscular symptoms has proven to slow the disease progression and extend the life span of animal models of HD, underlining the importance of a deep comprehension of the molecular mechanisms driving deterioration of muscular tissue.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2020
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