Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Enhancing Lithium-Manganese Oxide Electrochemical Behavior
Lithium manganese oxide is regarded as a capable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but it suffers from relative low conductivity, manganese dissolution in electrolyte and structural distortion from cubic to tetragonal during elevated temperature tests. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Aptasensors
Over the last few decades, aptamers have attracted a lot of interest in the biosensor industry, because they are the next generation of target receptors that can replace antibody functions. SELEX is an automated procedure and needs only a few days to evolve some binders. This is much shorter compared to antibody selection, which often requires several months. Aptamers can even differentiate the chirality of a molecule and its secondary structure. Aptamers can choose any types of targets with no restrictions. The antibodies undergo permanent degradation, while aptamers can undergo several cycles of denaturation/regeneration. DNA aptamers are acceptable for the design of reusable aptamer detectors, while RNA aptamers can be single-dimensional. The use of aptamers is not limited to specific areas and can be used as recognition molecules in almost any domain. The main limitation is the degradation of RNAs aptamer by ribonuclease. These problems can be solved by modifying RNA aptamers. Another limitation is that the microenvironment will affect the structure of the aptamer and the interactions with the ligand-target. Moreover, the composition of salts has a significant effect on aptamer configuration. The integration of aptamers into detection platforms such as microfluidics and paper-based analytical devices and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) areas for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is becoming increasingly popular. Aptamer-based detection systems meet most POC diagnostic requirements.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Structure and Reaction Mechanism of Li-CO2 Batteries
A typical type of Li–CO2 battery consists of a porous cathode, electrolyte (liquid, solid), and lithium metal anode.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
Conductive polymers (CPs) are a class of organic compounds that belong to a large group of electrochemically active polymers. They have been actively studied for more than 40 years, beginning with the discovery of the conductive properties of halogen-substituted polyacetylene and the preparation of polypyrrole.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
From CO2 to Value-Added Products
The global warming and the dangerous climate change arising from the massive emission of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels have motivated the search for alternative clean and sustainable energy sources. However, the industrial development and population necessities make the decoupling of economic growth from fossil fuels unimaginable and, consequently, the capture and conversion of CO2 to fuels seems to be, nowadays, one of the most promising and attractive solutions in a world with high energy demand. In this respect, the electrochemical CO2 conversion using renewable electricity provides a promising solution. However, faradaic efficiency of common electro-catalysts is low, and therefore, the design of highly selective, energy-efficient, and cost-effective electrocatalysts is critical. Carbon-based materials present some advantages such as relatively low cost and renewability, excellent electrical conductivity, and tunable textural and chemical surface, which show them as competitive materials for the electro-reduction of CO2.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fundamentals of the Electroreduction of CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main greenhouse gases and the major factor driving global climate change. From the viewpoint of abundance, economics, non-toxicity, and renewability, CO2 is an ideal and significant C1 resource, and its capture and recycling into fuels and chemical feedstocks using renewable energy is of great significance for the sustainable development of society. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RRs) are an important pathway to utilize CO2 resources. Zinc has been demonstrated as an effective catalyst for CO2RRs.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceuticals Detection
This research explores advances in the detection and quantification of pharmaceutical substances, with a focus on the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors, particularly those based on chitosan, to address the need for sensitive and selective detection techniques in various applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Screen-Printed Electrodes as Transducers
In the last decades, sensors based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have gained increasing importance because of their advantageous characteristics, such as low-cost, disposability, ease of use and portability, which allow fast analysis in point-of-need scenarios. The main characteristics of SPEs as electrochemical transducers for biosensors are described below.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metal-Free Carbon-Based Supercapacitors-A Comprehensive Review
This state-of-the-art entry aims to highlight  advances in metal-free carbon-based supercapacitors over the last 20 years. Author discuss the various types of carbons (without metals) used (activated, nanoforms of carbon, and doped carbons) as well as key parameters in supercapacitor performance such as surface area, porosity, and functional groups.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electroactive Materials Based on TEMPO
The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic energy storage and catalytic systems as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is a verstile compound that finds its use in various chemical and biological systems, and is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form energy storage compounds for organic batteries or high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Catalytic Cathodes for Na-CO2 Batteries
Na-CO2 batteries with high energy density are drawing tremendous attention because of their advantages of combining cost-effective energy conversion and storage with CO2 clean recycle and utilization. Nevertheless, their commercial applications are impeded by unsatisfactory electrochemical performance including large overpotentials, poor rate capability, fast capacity deterioration, and inferior durability, which mainly results from the inefficient electrocatalysts of cathode materials. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Control-Based 4D Printing
Building on the recent progress of four-dimensional (4D) printing to produce dynamic structures, this study aimed to bring this technology to the next level by introducing control-based 4D printing to develop adaptive 4D-printed systems with highly versatile multi-disciplinary applications, including medicine, in the form of assisted soft robots, smart textiles as wearable electronics and other industries such as agriculture and microfluidics. This study introduced and analyzed adaptive 4D-printed systems with an advanced manufacturing approach for developing stimuli-responsive constructs that organically adapted to environmental dynamic situations and uncertainties as nature does. The adaptive 4D-printed systems incorporated synergic integration of three-dimensional (3D)-printed sensors into 4D-printing and control units, which could be assembled and programmed to transform their shapes based on the assigned tasks and environmental stimuli. This paper demonstrates the adaptivity of these systems via a combination of proprioceptive sensory feedback, modeling and controllers, as well as the challenges and future opportunities they present.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Electroreduction of CO2 on Copper-Based Catalysts
Facing greenhouse effects and the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuel, CO2 electrochemical reduction presents a promising method of environmental protection and energy transformation. Low onset potential, large current density, high faradaic efficiency (FE), and long-time stability are required for industrial production, due to economic costs and energy consumption. Copper is one of the few metals that can reduce CO2 to hydrocarbons and alcohols with decent efficiency, and copper-based catalysts have received much attention. The uniqueness of Cu as a CO2RR electrocatalyst is explained by the fact that it is the only metal that has negative adsorption energy for *CO and positive adsorption energy for *H.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Components of Supercapacitors
The enormous demand for energy due to rapid technological developments pushes mankind to the limits in the exploration of high-performance energy devices. Among the two major energy storage devices (capacitors and batteries), electrochemical capacitors (known as ‘Supercapacitors’) play a crucial role in the storage and supply of conserved energy from various sustainable sources. The high power density and the ultra-high cyclic stability are the attractive characteristics of supercapacitors. However, the low energy density is a major downside of them, which is also responsible for the extensive research in this field to help the charge storage capabilities thrive to their limits. Discoveries of electrical double-layer formation, pseudocapacitive and intercalation-type (battery-type) behaviors drastically improved the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. The introduction of nanostructured active materials (carbon-/metal-/redox-active-polymer/metal-organic/covalent-organic framework-based electrode materials), electrolytes (conventional aqueous and unconventional systems) with superior electrochemical stability and unprecedented device architectures further boosted their charge storage characteristics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials
Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pt-Based Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted extensive attention because of their high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and lack of noise pollution. However, PEMFCs still face many difficulties in practical application, such as insufficient power density, high cost, and poor durability. The main reason for these difficulties is the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode due to the insufficient stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. It is very important to develop advanced platinum (Pt)-based catalysts to realize low Pt loads and long-term operation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) modules to improve the performance of PEMFC. By designing the structure of a Pt-based catalyst, it can be generated on a special surface structure, so as to boost the stability and activity of Pt-based catalysts, such as low-dimensional nanostructures (e.g., two-dimensional nanoplates and one-dimensional nanowires). These structures not only have high conductivity, but can also make sure the nanocrystals are fully in contact with the support and effectively inhibit Ostwald ripening, with excellent stability.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Lindane Based on the Isomeric Form
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is an artificial organic pollutant also called hexachlorane. It has eight isomeric forms, but of these eight isomeric forms, four α, -β, -γ, and δ-HCHs are the most prevalent. From this compound, γ-HCH (also known as lindane) is the most constant and commonly used compound, and it is the supreme isomer. Lindane is a broad-spectrum chlorinated insecticide that has a mixture of several chemical forms of HCH and is written as γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane or γ-HCH. Organic pollutants are normally pesticides, insecticides, or fertilizer, but HCH is an insecticide that is used on fruits, plants, and animals. Lindane is one of the earliest generations of chlorinated organic insecticides, appearing shortly after the end of World War II. All of the pollutants have the same physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it has also had PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensing Area
Recently, nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which make them of considerable interest for applications in many fields, such as biotechnology, optics, electronics, and catalysis. The development of nanomaterials has proven fundamental for the development of smart electrochemical sensors to be used in different application fields such, as biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. In fact, they showed high performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Preparation Methods of Titanium Sub-Oxides Electrode
Compared with the instability of graphite electrodes, the high expenditure of noble metal electrodes and boron-doped diamond electrodes, and the hidden dangers of titanium-based metal oxide electrodes, a titanium sub-oxide material has been characterized as an ideal choice of anode material due to its unique crystal and electronic structure, including high conductivity, decent catalytic activity, intense physical and chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost, and long service life, etc. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
MoS2 Energy Applications
MoS2 is one of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) that has gained a high reputation in recent years due to its distinct chemical, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and optical properties. Its unique properties enabled its use in different applications such as sensing applications, high-efficiency field effect transistors, and energy and medical (curing) applications. MoS2 exists in different crystalline structures, such as hexagonal (H), tetrahedral (T), or rhombohedral (R). It naturally exists as 2H MoS2, and its most popular structures are the semiconducting 2H and 3R phases and the 1T metallic phase, where 2H is more stable but less conductive than 1T. Metallic MoS2 has a higher conductivity (105 times) than semiconducting 2H MoS2 and high catalytic activity.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback