You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Reform Boehm System (Clarinet)
The Boehm system is a fingering system for the flute and the clarinet, as a Reform Boehm system the corresponding handle system for the clarinet, connected to a clarinet body, which has a different inner bore than in the original Boehm clarinet , with the aim of producing a different sound character together with another mouthpiece.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Silicon-Based Optical Phased Array Lidar
Silicon-based Lidar is an ideal way to reduce the volume of the Lidar and realize monolithic integration. It removes the moving parts in the conventional device and realizes solid-state beam steering. The advantages of low cost, small size, and high beam steering speed have attracted the attention of many researchers. 
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Single Board Architectures Integrating Sensors Technologies
Development boards, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) and Single-Board Microcontrollers (SBMs) integrating sensors and communication technologies have become a very popular and interesting solution in the last decade. They are of interest for their simplicity, versatility, adaptability, ease of use and prototyping, which allow them to serve as a starting point for projects and as reference for all kinds of designs.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments in Endodontics
Since the introduction of Nickel-Titanium alloy as the material of choice for the manufacturing of endodontic rotary instruments, the success rate of the root canal therapies has been significantly increased. This success mainly arises from the properties of the Nickel-Titanium alloy: the biocompatibility, the superelasticity and the shape memory effect. Those characteristics have led to a reduction in time of endodontic treatments, a simplification of instrumentation procedures and an increase of predictability and effectiveness of endodontic treatments. Nevertheless, the intracanal separation of Nickel-Titanium rotary instruments is still a major concern of endodontists, with a consequent possible reduction in the outcome rate. As thoroughly demonstrated, the two main causes of intracanal separation of endodontic instruments are the cyclic fatigue and the torsional loads. As results, in order to reduce the percentage of intracanal separation researches and manufacturers have been focused on the parameters that directly or indirectly influence mechanical properties of endodontic rotary instruments. This entry describes the current state of the art regarding the Nickel-Titanium alloy in endodontics, the mechanical behavior of endodontic rotary instruments and the relative stresses acting on them during intracanal instrumentation, highlighting the limitation of the current literature.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Refractometer
A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry). The index of refraction is calculated from the observed refraction angle using Snell's law. For mixtures, the index of refraction then allows to determine the concentration using mixing rules such as the Gladstone–Dale relation and Lorentz–Lorenz equation.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thummer Keyboard
A Thummer is a proposed commercial musical instrument characterized by The Thummer was to be a type of jammer keyboard. Research suggests that the jammer's combination of thumb-controls and internal motion sensors could give more expressive potential than other polyphonic musical instruments such as the piano, guitar, and accordion. Isomorphic keyboards similar to those used in a jammer have been shown to accelerate the rate at which students grasp otherwise-abstract concepts in music theory.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function
The bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) is among the most effective means to study the phenomenon of light–object interaction. It can precisely describe the characteristics of spatial reflection of the target surface, and has been applied to aerial remote sensing, imaging technology, materials analysis, and computer rendering technology. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Quartz Crystal Microbalances' Electrode Shape and Mass Sensitivity
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a typical acoustic transducer that undergoes a frequency shift due to changes in the mass of its surface. Its high sensitivity, robustness, small size design, and digital output have led to its widespread development for application in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and surface science. Mass sensitivity is one of the vital parameters and forms the basis for quantitative analysis using QCMs.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Miniaturization of Laser Doppler Vibrometers
Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) is a non-contact vibration measurement technique based on the Doppler effect of the reflected laser beam. Thanks to its feature of high resolution and flexibility, LDV has been used in many different fields today. The miniaturization of the LDV systems is one important development direction for the current LDV systems that can enable many new applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Application of Optical Fibers in Temperature Monitoring
The current generation is witnessing a huge interest in optical waveguides due to their salient features: they are of low cost, immune to electromagnetic interference, easy to multiplex, have a compact size, etc. These features of optical fibers make them a useful tool for various sensing applications including in medicine, automotives, biotechnology, food quality control, aerospace, physical and chemical monitoring. Among all the reported applications, optical wave guides have been widely exploited to measure the physical and chemical variations in the surrounding environment. Optical fiber-based temperature sensors have played a crucial role in this decade to detect high fever and tackle COVID-19-like pandemics. Recognizing the major developments in the field of optical fibers, this entry provides recent progress in temperature sensors utilizing several sensing configurations including conventional fiber, photonic crystal fiber, and Bragg grating fibers. Additionally, this entry also highlights the advantages, limitations, and future possibilities in this area.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Sensors in Para-Sports
Wearable sensors provide a promising opportunity to quantitatively assess the individual functional capacities of an athlete with disability in an ecological environment. The available evidence for the application of wearable sensors in sport for athletes with disabilities is mainly focused on performance assessment and characterization for training optimization, mirroring classic aspects of sports biomechanics in non-disabled athletes. Applications specific to sports for people with disability, such as athlete classification and injury prevention, are limited but indicate possible directions for further development. Finally, since the equipment is frequently of particular importance in sports for persons with disability, the literature indicates that wearable systems are promising to support the customization of equipment to meet the athlete's individual needs.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Piezoresistive and Piezoelectric Techniques
For piezoresistive sensors, conductive polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), fiber-reinforced polymer (RFP), and Parylen-C polymer film can be used to increase sensor flexibility. For piezoelectric sensors, using piezoelectric ceramics such as ethyl cellulose-poly lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics (ECS-PolyPZT) and PZT-ferroperm as the sensing material can produce high piezoelectric coefficients.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Density Meter
A density meter, also known as a densimeter, is a device that measures the density. Density is usually abbreviated as either [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] or [math]\displaystyle{ D }[/math]. Typically, density either has the units of [math]\displaystyle{ kg/m^3 }[/math] or [math]\displaystyle{ lb/ft^3 }[/math]. The most basic principle of how density is calculated is by the formula: Where: Many density meters can measure both the wet portion and the dry portion of a sample. The wet portion comprises the density from all liquids present in the sample. The dry solids comprise solely of the density of the solids present in the sample. A density meter does not measure the specific gravity of a sample directly. However, the specific gravity can be inferred from a density meter. The specific gravity is defined as the density of a sample compared to the density of a reference. The reference density is typically of that of water. The specific gravity is found by the following equation: Where: Density meters come in many varieties. Different types include: nuclear, coriolis, ultrasound, microwave, and gravitic. Each type measures the density differently. Each type has its advantages and drawbacks. Density meters have many applications in various parts of various industries. Density meters are used to measure slurries, sludges, and other liquids that flow through the pipeline. Industries such as mining, dredging, wastewater treatment, paper, oil, and gas all have uses for density meters at various points during their respective processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Modern Displacement Measuring Systems
The contemporary displacement measurement systems used in geotechnical laboratories during the determination of soil precise mechanical parameters, (e.g., the shear modules G: initial and in the range of small and very small strains) are not universal and their use depends on the type of soil (cohesive, non-cohesive), its condition (loose or dense, stiff or very soft), and its characteristic properties (e.g., organic soil, swelling soil).
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Extended Reality for Civil Engineering Structures
Utilization of emerging immersive visualization technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has demonstrated that these visualization tools can be paradigm-shifting. Extended Reality (XR), an umbrella term for VR, AR, and MR technologies, has found many diverse use cases in the AEC industry. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Smart Sensing Chair for Sitting Posture Monitoring
Smart sensing chairs, equipped with advanced sensor technologies such as Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs), show significant potential in mitigating the negative health impacts of incorrect sitting postures, which can lead to spinal misalignment and musculoskeletal disorders. Research emphasizes the use of sophisticated machine learning techniques, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), for classifying sitting postures. Notably, these advanced models do not always outperform traditional models due to the limitations of the training datasets, which often lack sufficient diversity in representing different human body types and health conditions. This finding underscores the critical need for datasets that more accurately reflect the demographic and physiological diversity of users. Additionally, this research highlights a significant opportunity for innovation in user feedback mechanisms within smart sensing chairs, suggesting that enhanced interactive features could improve posture correction efforts and overall user health outcomes.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Mueller Matrix Polarimetry in Biological and Agricultural Diagnostics
The Mueller matrix (4 × 4) most fully describes the interaction of an arbitrary object with fully or partially polarized electromagnetic radiation; therefore, the existing polarimetric methods can be generalized by the Mueller matrix formalism, and that generalization is termed Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP). Mueller matrix measurements, being integrated into standard schemes of conventional optical methods, such as scatterometry, optical coherence tomography, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry and reflectometry, can significantly expand their capabilities in the characterization of biological systems and bioorganic materials.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
List of Instruments by Harry Partch
The American composer Harry Partch composed using scales of unequal intervals in just intonation, derived from the natural Harmonic series; these scales allowed for more tones of smaller intervals than in the standard Western tuning, which uses twelve equal intervals. One of Partch's scales has 43 tones to the octave. To play this music, he built many unique instruments, with names such as the Chromelodeon, the Quadrangularis Reversum, and the Zymo-Xyl. Partch called himself "a philosophic music-man seduced into carpentry". The path towards Partch's use of many unique instruments was a gradual one. Partch began in the 1920s using traditional instruments, and wrote a string quartet in just intonation (now lost). He had his first specialized instrument built for him in 1930—the Adapted Viola, a viola with a cello's neck fitted on it. He re-tuned the reeds of several reed organs and labeled the keys with a color code. The first was called the Ptolemy, in tribute to the ancient music theorist Claudius Ptolemaeus, whose musical scales included ratios of the 11-limit, as Partch's did. The others were called Chromelodeons, a portmanteau of chrome (meaning "color") and melodeon. Most of Partch's works used the instruments he created exclusively. Some works made use of unaltered standard instruments such as oboe, clarinet, or cello, and Revelation in the Courtyard Park (1960) used an unaltered small wind band. In 1991, Dean Drummond became the custodian of the original Harry Partch instrument collection until his death in 2013. In 1999 the instruments began a residency at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey which lasted until November 2014 when they moved to University of Washington in Seattle. They are currently under the care of Charles Corey. Those who have duplicated partial sets of Partch instruments include John Schneider, whose West Coast ensemble includes replicas of the Kithara, Surrogate Kithara, Cloud-Chamber Bowls, Adapted Guitars, Adapted Viola, Diamond Marimba, Bass Marimba, Chromelodeon, and two Harmonic Canons.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is an advanced technique that uses minimum fragmented ions from complex molecules for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis (tissue profiling by mass spectrometry). It is able to analyze spatially resolved tissue or tumor sections at the molecular level. It has become a valuable tool for tumor and tissue imaging, due to its ease of operation and high mass resolution, but it still has vast room for development in the instrumentation of larger proteins in some tissues. 
  • 992
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Guitarrón Chileno
The Guitarrón Chileno (literally: "large Chilean guitar") is a guitar-shaped plucked string instrument from Chile , with 25 or 24 (rarely) strings. Its primary contemporary use is as the instrumental accompaniment for the traditional Chilean genre of singing poetry known as Canto a lo Poeta, though a few virtuosi have also begun to develop the instrument's solo possibilities.
  • 948
  • 02 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 4
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030