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Topic Review
Seawater Electrolysis
Hydrogen energy, as a clean and renewable energy, has attracted much attention in recent years. Water electrolysis via the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode coupled with the oxygen evolution reaction at the anode is a promising method to produce hydrogen. Given the shortage of freshwater resources on the planet, the direct use of seawater as an electrolyte for hydrogen production has become a hot research topic. Direct use of seawater as the electrolyte for water electrolysis can reduce the cost of hydrogen production due to the great abundance and wide availability. Various high-efficiency electrocatalysts have made great progress in seawater splitting and have shown great potential.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Microplastics
The high PET production volume and the waste mismanagement of PET litter make it one of the most polluting plastic material. Its diffusion in marine litter is widely assessed according to public opinion and documented in the literature. The major sources of PET microplastics in the marine environment are bottles and fibers. The role of PET micro/nanoplastics of vector of toxic chemicals, their fate and the negative effects on the environment and human health is still under discussion.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Economy
Environmental issues make the quest for better and cleaner energy sources a priority. Worldwide, researchers and companies are continuously working on this matter, taking one of two approaches: either finding new energy sources or improving the efficiency of existing ones. Hydrogen is a well-known energy carrier due to its high energy content, but a somewhat elusive one for being a gas with low molecular weight. The so-called "Hydrogen Economy" is based on the use of hydrogen as an energy source. This entry examines the current electrolysis processes for obtaining hydrogen, with an emphasis on alkaline water electrolysis.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Trends of Current LNG Cold Energy Utilization
Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a clean primary energy source that is growing in popularity due to the distance between natural gas (NG)-producing countries and importing countries. The large amount of cold energy stored in LNG presents an opportunity for sustainable technologies to recover and utilize this energy. This can enhance the energy efficiency of LNG regasification terminals and the economic viability of the LNG supply chain. The energy stored in LNG in the form of low temperatures is referred to as cold energy. When LNG is regasified, or converted back into its gaseous form, this cold energy is released. This process involves heating the LNG, which causes it to vaporize and release its stored energy. LNG cold energy has been mostly utilized for power generation, air separation, traditional desalination, and cryogenics carbon dioxide capture. Other potential applications are also emerging such as for data center cooling and cold energy storage. The commercialization of sustainable technologies, such as improvement strategies for LNG cold energy utilization, is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.
  • 2.4K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenol Analysis
The analysis of polyphenols can be approached from two main perspectives: by liquid chromatography, which provides the polyphenolic profile, but also allows the quantification of target individual polyphenols, or by spectrophotometric or electrochemical assays, which provide an estimation of the total polyphenol content or the antioxidant capacity.
  • 2.4K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Natural Gas Processing
Natural gas processing plants, or fractionators, are used to purify the raw natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought up to the surface by gas wells. The processed natural gas, used as fuel by residential, commercial and industial consumers, is almost pure methane and is very much different from the raw natural gas.
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Process Intensification
Process Intensification (PI) is a vast and growing area in Chemical Engineering, which deals with the enhancement of current technology to enable improved efficiency; energy, cost, and environmental impact reduction; small size & modularization; and better integration with the other equipment. Since process intensification results in novel, but complex, systems, it is necessary to rely on optimization and control techniques that can cope with such new processes. 
  • 2.3K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pressure Swing Adsorption Modeling
The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process has been considered a promising method for gas separation and purification. However, experimental methods are time-consuming, and it is difficult to obtain the detailed changes in variables in the PSA process.
  • 2.2K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Lithium Recovery from Lithium-Ion Battery
Lithium-ion batteries are becoming an integral part of renewable-based energy systems that helps to provide an efficient and greener solution for energy storage. LIBs have found their use in a variety of applications ranging from portable electronic devices to energy grid systems. Owing to the reduction in carbon dioxide emission and improved energy to fuel weight ratio, LIBs have also been widely used in electronic vehicles. LIBs have been especially desirable in this case due to their high charge to mass potential in comparison to other battery types. In the recent decade, the extensive use of LIBs has posed not only a great threat to the world’s lithium resource depletion but also the prevailing problem concerning the consumed and non-recycled LIBs. Hence, immediate attention to alleviate any danger to the ecosystems due to the release of harmful chemicals is required. 
  • 2.2K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Quantum Dots
Graphene quantum dots (GQD) is an efficient nanomaterial composed of one or more layers of graphene with unique properties that combine both graphene and carbon dots (CDs). It can be synthesized using carbon-rich materials as precursors, such as graphite, macromolecules polysaccharides, and fullerene. This contribution emphasizes the utilization of GQD-based materials in the fields of sensing, bioimaging, energy storage, and corrosion inhibitors. Inspired by these numerous applications, various synthetic approaches have been developed to design and fabricate GQD, particularly bottom-up and top-down processes. 
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fluid Reaction Models
In the fluidized bed system, the performance of the reactor is affected by the hydrodynamic behaviors of the reactor in that fluid dynamics affects both heat and mass transfer.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Paper-Based Sensors Application
Paper-based sensors are getting increasing attention for reliable indoor/outdoor onsite detection with non-expert operation due to low cost, portability, easy disposal, and high accuracy, as well as bulky reduced laboratory equipment. They have become powerful analysis tools in trace detection with ultra-low detection limits and extremely high accuracy, resulting in their great popularity in biological detection, environmental inspection, and other applications. However, the current paper-based sensors still encounter insufficiencies such as harsh storage, short shelf time, singleplex analyte detection, disability of holographic strain detection, and low reproducibility for direct detection of the actual sample without pretreatment. Efforts should be made to paper-based sensors with those concerns before their broad commercial application. 
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Common Techniques for Biolubricant Production
Lubricants can be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or semi-fluid (greases). The former is used when it is difficult to maintain contact with the fluid, while the latter is used in situations where liquid lubricants are not applicable. According to the UNE-EN 16807 standard, the term “bio” is considered synonymous with good for the environment. Its use in lubricants is linked to its environmental properties; therefore, it is expected that all compounds called bio-lubricants will degrade in the environment. 
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Waste Plastic Thermal Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is one of the most popular thermo-chemical treatment (TCT) methods known today. This is due to their immense impacts on the environment and their operational output. The significant role of pyrolysis with waste plastics as feedstock is trending. Most of these waste plastics which include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS), have continued to render our environment, our health and oceans in deplorable conditions. This entry presents an assurance into the current findings of waste plastic thermal pyrolysis (WPTP) and revealed some common research gaps and misconceptions surrounding this field. 
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gas Hydrate Technology
Innovating methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently incorporate toxicity-reduction technologies to keep up with regulatory requirements. This research reviews the latest advances, benefits, opportunities and drawbacks of several heavy metal removal treatment systems for industrial wastewater in detail. The conventional physicochemical techniques used in heavy metal removal processes with their advantages and limitations are evaluated. A particular focus is given to innovative gas hydrate-based separation of heavy metals from industrial effluent with their comparison, advantages and limitations in the direction of commercialization as well as prospective remedies. Clathrate hydrate-based removal is a potential technology for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. In this research, a complete assessment of the literature is addressed based on removal efficiency, enrichment factor and water recovery, utilizing the gas hydrate approach. It is shown that gas hydrate-based treatment technology may be the way of the future for water management purposes, as the industrial treated water may be utilized for process industries, watering, irrigation and be safe to drink. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
DME Synthesis from CO2 and Renewable Hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is a viable solution to valorise the CO2 captured from industrial plants’ flue gas, thus avoiding emitting it and synthesizing products with high added value. The first step in a CCU process is the capturing of CO2 through well-known technologies, such as oxyfuel combustion, pre-combustion or post-combustion, or as a direct-air capture process. Post-combustion carbon capture can be achieved by physical or chemical separation methods, such as membranes, adsorption, absorption and cryogenic processes. After having captured and concentrated the CO2, it can be fed to a chemical reactor for its conversion into products, such as syngas, urea, methane, ethanol, formic acid, etc.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Electric Field-Assisted Membrane Processes
Electrofiltration is emerging as an attractive alternative that uses electric field to assist in fouling mitigation during the membrane-based separation processes. By tuning the electrophoretic forces on the feed side of the membrane, all water constituents (except ions) including viruses, bacteria, small and large molecules, and organic and inorganic solids can be prevented from fouling the membrane surface. Theoretically, the electric field-assisted membrane separation process will result in greatly desired clean water flux for the entire duration of operation.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Supercritical Antisolvent Technique for the Preparation of Nanocatalysts
In an era where sustainability is becoming the main driving force for research and development, supercritical fluids-based techniques are presented as a very efficient alternative technology to conventional extraction, purification, and recrystallization processes. Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation is a novel technique that can replace liquid antisolvent precipitation techniques. Additionally, through the optimization of precipitation operating conditions, morphology, particle size, and particle size distribution of nanoparticles can be controlled. As an antisolvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is far more sustainable than its conventional liquid counterparts; not only does it have a critical point (304 K and 73.8 bar) on its phase diagram that allows for the precipitation processes to be developed so close to room temperature, but also its recovery and, consequently, the precipitated solute purification stage is considerably simpler. This technique can be used efficiently for preparing nanocatalysts to be used in biodiesel production processes.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Additives Used in Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion involves the degradation of a biodegradable substance, such as sewage sludge by anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen-free system.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
H2S Removal from Gas Mixtures Using Zeolites
Natural gas, biogas, and refinery gas all include H2S, which has adverse effects not only on the environment and human health but also on the equipment and catalysts that are employed in the relevant processes. H2S is removed from the aforementioned gases using a variety of techniques in order to fulfill the necessary sales criteria and for reasons of safety. The adsorption method stands out among various other approaches due to its straightforward operation, high level of efficiency, and low overall cost. This technique makes use of a variety of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and zeolites. The use of zeolite-based adsorbents is by far the most common of these various types.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Aug 2022
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