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Topic Review
Pichia pastoris Strains as Powerful Cell Factories
Pichia pastoris is the most widely used microorganism for the production of secreted industrial proteins and therapeutic proteins. This yeast has been repurposed as a cell factory for the production of chemicals and natural products. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ascorbic Acid Applications
Ascorbic acid (AA), or vitamin C, is one of the most important vitamins consumed through the diet due to its critical role in many biological processes. Although the human body cannot synthesize it, AA is essential in maintaining healthy bodily structure, acting as a cofactor of many enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and an efficient immune system. At the same time, AA is used in the cosmetic field for its antioxidant and antipigmentary properties, in the food industry as additive, and in chemical synthesis as reducing agent. AA can be chemically synthesized, produced by the oxidative fermentation of bacteria, or extracted from natural sources.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Raman Spectroscopy in Biosensing
The effect of Raman scattering is a result of inelastic light scattering processes, which lead to the emission of scattered light with a different frequency associated with molecular vibrations of the identified molecule. Spontaneous Raman scattering is usually weak, resulting in complexities with the separation of weak inelastically scattered light and intense Rayleigh scattering. These limitations have led to the development of various techniques for enhancing Raman scattering, including resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman spectroscopy). Furthermore, the discovery of the phenomenon of enhanced Raman scattering near metallic nanostructures gave impetus to the development of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as its combination with resonance Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear Raman spectroscopic techniques. The combination of nonlinear and resonant optical effects with metal substrates or nanoparticles can be used to increase speed, spatial resolution, and signal amplification in Raman spectroscopy, making these techniques promising for the analysis and characterization of biological samples.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drinking Water Microbiome
Microbial communities interact with us and affect our health in ways that are only beginning to be understood. Microorganisms have been detected in every ecosystem on Earth, as well as in any built environment that has been investigated. Drinking water sources, drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems provide peculiar microbial ecological niches, dismantling the belief of the “biological simplicity” of drinking water. The assemblage of microbes within drinking water is referred to as the drinking water microbiota (“microbiome” when referring to the associated genetic information), and it accounts for about 106–108 cells/L. Recent DNA sequencing and meta-omics advancements allow a deeper understanding of drinking water microbiota.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnologies for Drug Delivery to the Brain
Drug delivery to the brain has been one of the toughest challenges researchers have faced to develop effective treatments for brain diseases. Owing to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), only a small portion of administered drug can reach the brain. A consequence of that is the need to administer a higher dose of the drug, which, expectedly, leads to a variety of unwanted side effects. Research in a variety of different fields has been underway for the past couple of decades to address this very serious and frequently lethal problem. One area of research that has produced optimistic results in recent years is nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is the science birthed by fusing the fields of nanotechnology, chemistry and medicine into one. Many different types of nanomedicine-based drug-delivery systems are currently being studied for the sole purpose of improved drug delivery to the brain.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics
Chemoinformatics involves integrating the principles of physical chemistry with computer-based and information science methodologies, commonly referred to as “in silico techniques”, in order to address a wide range of descriptive and prescriptive chemistry issues, including applications to biology, drug discovery, and related molecular areas. On the other hand, the incorporation of machine learning has been considered of high importance in the field of drug design, enabling the extraction of chemical data from enormous compound databases to develop drugs endowed with significant biological features.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Virus-Like Particles-Based COVID-19 Vaccines
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a versatile, safe, and highly immunogenic vaccine platform. The use of a very flexible vaccine platform in COVID-19 vaccine development is an important feature that cannot be ignored. Incorporating the spike protein and its variations into VLP vaccines is a desirable strategy as the morphology and size of VLPs allows for better presentation of several different antigens. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Metabolism of Acetic Acid Bacteria
Vinegar is one of the most appreciated fermented foods in European and Asian countries. In industry, its elaboration depends on numerous factors, including the nature of starter culture and raw material, as well as the production system and operational conditions. Furthermore, vinegar is obtained by the action of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) on an alcoholic medium in which ethanol is transformed into acetic acid. Besides the highlighted oxidative metabolism of AAB, their versatility and metabolic adaptability make them a taxonomic group with several biotechnological uses.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Display Technology
Molecular display technology or cell-surface engineering is a biotechnological method of genetic engineering that is focused on the cell surface.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
RNA-Mediated Control in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Synthesis
The large production of non-degradable petrol-based plastics has become a major global issue due to its environmental pollution. Biopolymers produced by microorganisms such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are gaining potential as a sustainable alternative, but the high cost associated to their industrial production has been a limiting factor. Post-transcriptional regulation is a key step to control gene expression in changing environments and has been reported to play a major role in numerous cellular processes. However, limited reports are available concerning the regulation of PHA accumulation in bacteria, and many essential regulatory factors still need to be identified. Here, we review studies where the synthesis of PHA has been reported to be regulated at the post-transcriptional level, and we analyze the RNA-mediated networks involved. Finally, we discuss the forthcoming research on riboregulation, synthetic and metabolic engineering which could lead to improved strategies for PHAs synthesis in industrial production, thereby reducing the costs currently associated with this procedure.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing and Fungal Sequencing
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a widely used technology in biological research. Pathogenic fungi with high virulence and drug resistance cause life-threatening clinical infections. There is a particularly urgent clinical need to use NGS to help identify fungi causing infections and prevent negative impacts.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Multi-Omics
Advancements in high-throughput technology provide new opportunities for omics research to understand the pathological process of various complex human diseases. The integration of multi-omics technologies can systematically reveal the interactions among aging molecules from a multidimensional perspective.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
New Glycosylated Polyene Macrolides
Polyene macrolides are antifungal agents that are synthesized by actinomycetes and other bacteria. These compounds consist of macrolactone rings containing between three and eight conjugated double bonds. Most are glycosylated with a single aminodeoxysugar and specifically bind ergosterol in fungal cell membranes.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cap-Independent Circular mRNA Translation
The mRNA platform has become the method of choice in vaccine development to find new ways to fight infectious diseases.  This instability is due to the fact that the five-prime and three-prime ends of the mRNA are a substrate for the ubiquitous exoribonucleases. To address the problem, circular mRNAs have been proposed for transgene delivery as they lack these ends. Notably, circular RNAs do not have a capped five-prime end, which makes it impossible to initiate translation canonically.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Metabolites from Terrestrial and Marine Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes inhabit both terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are highly proficient in producing a wide range of natural products with diverse biological functions, including antitumor, immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Skin Microbiome
Our body is home to a complex community of microorganisms that help us maintain homeostasis and prevent colonization from pathogens. This residential community is known as the microbiota (often incorrectly used as a synonym for microbiome), referring to all the microorganisms, including archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes (fungi and yeasts, protists), viruses, and bacteriophages that colonize and inhabit a specific niche of our body. Instead, the microbiome describes the entire set of genomes and microbial genes found in a specific microbiota. The human skin microbiota is essential for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring barrier functions. Over the years, the characterization of its composition and taxonomic diversity has reached outstanding goals, with more than 10 million bacterial genes collected and cataloged.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
One Health Tomato Probiotics
Based on the literature and knowledge on the “One Health” concept, a new term for probiotics: “One Health probiotics”, beneficial for the unity of people, animals, and the environment, is suggested. Strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, having an ability to ferment a broad spectrum of plant carbohydrates, probiotic effects in human, and animal health, as well as being found in dairy products, vegetables, sauerkraut, pickles, some cheeses, fermented sausages, fish products, and rhizospheric soil, might be suggested as one of the probable candidates for “One Health” probiotics (beneficial for the unity of people, animals, and the environment) for the utilization in agriculture, food processing, and healthcare.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Microbial Community Analysis
The microbial diversity in anaerobic digestion (AD) is important because it affects process robustness. High-throughput sequencing offers high-resolution data regarding the microbial diversity and robustness of biological systems including AD; however, to understand the dynamics of microbial processes, knowing the microbial diversity is not adequate alone. Advanced meta-omic techniques have been established to determine the activity and interactions among organisms in biological processes like AD. Results of these methods can be used to identify biomarkers for AD states. This can aid a better understanding of system dynamics and be applied to producing comprehensive models for AD. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Aptamers in Hematologic Malignancies
Aptamer is a targeting tool with many unique advantages (easy synthesis, low toxicity, easy modification, low immunogenicity, nano size, long stability, etc.), therefore many experts screened corresponding aptamers in various hematological malignancies for diagnosis and treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jan 2023
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