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Topic Review
Selected Solid-State Electrolytes
Electrolytes are key components in electrochemical storage systems, which provide an ion-transport mechanism between the cathode and anode of a cell. As battery technologies are in continuous development, there has been growing demand for more efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly materials. Solid-state lithium ion batteries (SSLIBs) are considered as next-generation energy storage systems and solid electrolytes (SEs) are the key components for these systems. Compared to liquid electrolytes, SEs are thermally stable (safer), less toxic and provide a more compact (lighter) battery design. However, the main issue is the ionic conductivity, especially at low temperatures. So far, there are two popular types of SEs: (1) inorganic solid electrolytes (InSEs) and (2) polymer electrolytes (PEs). Among InSEs, sulfide-based SEs are providing very high ionic conductivities (up to 10−2 S/cm) and they can easily compete with liquid electrolytes (LEs). On the other hand, they are much more expensive than LEs. PEs can be produced at less cost than InSEs but their conductivities are still not sufficient for higher performances. 
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning Applications in Microgrid Management System
The advent of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the power industry has revolutionized the management of these systems due to the necessity of controlling their stochastic nature. Deploying RESs in the microgrid (MG) as a subset of the utility grid is a beneficial way to achieve their countless merits in addition to controlling their random nature. Since a MG contains elements with different characteristics, its management requires multiple applications, such as demand response (DR), outage management, energy management, etc. The MG management can be optimized using machine learning (ML) techniques applied to the applications. This objective first calls for the microgrid management system (MGMS)’s required application recognition and then the optimization of interactions among the applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Single Board Architectures Integrating Sensors Technologies
Development boards, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) and Single-Board Microcontrollers (SBMs) integrating sensors and communication technologies have become a very popular and interesting solution in the last decade. They are of interest for their simplicity, versatility, adaptability, ease of use and prototyping, which allow them to serve as a starting point for projects and as reference for all kinds of designs.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
List of Intel Itanium Microprocessors
The Itanium from Intel is a high-end server and supercomputer microprocessor.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Battery-Less RFID-Based Wireless Sensors
Wireless sensors are becoming increasingly popular in the home and industrial sectors and are used for a range of applications, from temperature or humidity monitoring to food-quality inspection of products being sold on the market. One of the main reasons for using wireless technology is that it affords non-contact, non-invasive sensing. This ability eliminates the need for long cables required for information transfer and reduces the spread of germs and brings comfort to the users.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microgrid Energy Management and Methods
The rising demand for electricity, the economic benefits, and the environmental pressures related to the use of fossil fuels are driving electricity generation mostly from renewable energy sources. One of the main challenges in renewable energy generation is uncertainties involved in forecasting, because of the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The demand also varies according to the time of day, the season, the location, the climate, and the availability of resources. Microgrids offer a potential solution for the integration of small-scale renewable energy sources and loads along with energy storage systems and other non-renewable sources. However, intermittent generation and varying demand need to be matched to provide stable power to consumers. Therefore, it is crucial to design an energy management system to effectively manage the energy sources and supply loads for reliable and efficient operation. 
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures
The entry presents the concept of Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures (MAFBS) and their usage in Microwave Photonic Sensor Systems (MPSS). The theory of MAFBS is the logical evolution of the theory of Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures (AFBS), which implement a microwave-photonic tecnique for their interrogation. The MAFBS is a special type of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), the reflection spectrum of which has three (or more) narrow notches. The frequencies of narrow notches are located in infrared range of electromagnetic spectrum, while differences between them – in microwave frequency range. All cross-differences between optical frequencies of single MAFBS are called address frequencies set. When the additive optical response from a single MAFBS, passing through optical filter with oblique frequency response, is received by a photodetector, the complex electrical signal, which consists of all cross-frequency beatings of all optical frequencies, is taken at its output. This complex electrical signal at the photodetector’s output contains enough information to determine the central frequency shift of the MAFBS.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Capa Vehicle
A capacitor vehicle or capa vehicle is a traction vehicle that uses supercapacitors (also called ultracapacitors) to store electricity. (As of 2010), the best ultracapacitors can only store about 5% of the energy that lithium-ion rechargeable batteries can, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as a general energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But ultracapacitors can charge much faster than batteries, so in vehicles such as buses that have to stop frequently at known points where charging facilities can be provided, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors becomes viable
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Peer-to-peer Files Sharing Networks
Peer-to-peer (P2P)  files sharing networks have been one of the most reliable platforms to realize the potential of network coding, since end hosts at the edge of the Internet have abundant computational resources with modern processors. In this survey paper, we extensively summarize, assess, compare, and classify the most recently used techniques to improve P2P content distribution systems performance using network coding. To the best of our knowledge, this survey is the first comprehensive survey that specifically focuses on the performance of network coding based P2P file sharing systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Temperature Sensitive Optical Parameters
In the new age of illumination, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been proven to be the most efficient alternative to conventional light sources. Yet, in comparison to other lighting systems, LEDs operate at low temperatures while junction temperature (Tj) is among the main factors dictating their lifespan, reliability, and performance. Tj may be indirectly measured using an LED’s inherent optical characteristics. The emission spectrum of a semiconductor device is influenced by temperature variations due to the temperature dependence of the energy band gap. This behavior motivates researchers to use spectral power distribution (SPD) characteristics such as the peak wavelength and spectral bandwidth of LEDs, which are known as temperature sensitive optical parameters (TSOPs), to estimate Tj. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electro-Thermal Modeling of Electric Motor Drive
Electro-thermal modeling is a process of creating a mathematical model to simulate the electrical and thermal behavior of an electric motor drive system. This modeling technique is used to predict the performance of the motor under different operating conditions and to optimize its design for efficiency and reliability. Electric motor drives are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial machinery, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. However, these systems can suffer from decreased efficiency and reliability due to the impact of temperature on their performance. Electro-thermal modeling is used to address these issues by accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different temperature conditions. The modeling process involves using software tools to create a mathematical model that includes the electrical and thermal properties of the motor. This model can then be used to simulate the motor's behavior under different loads and temperatures, allowing engineers to predict the motor's performance and optimize its design. One key advantage of electro-thermal modeling is that it allows engineers to identify potential issues in the motor's design and operation before they occur in the real world. By analyzing the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can identify areas where the motor is operating inefficiently or experiencing excessive temperatures. They can then modify the motor's design or operating conditions to improve its efficiency and reliability. Thus, electro-thermal modeling is an essential tool for designing and optimizing electric motor drive systems. By accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can create more efficient, reliable, and long-lasting motor systems that meet the needs of various applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for All-Electric Aircraft Power Systems
In the “all-electric” concept, where pneumatic and hydraulic power systems are eliminated to improve aviation costs and environmental impact, the dynamics of electrical power balance are to be characterized and managed to avoid excessive peaks with respect to generators’ limited capabilities. Especially for electric propulsion aircraft (EPA), the thrust force can be partly or completely provided by an electric power system. With the development of power electronics, the HVDC system is becoming a trend for MEA/AEA and EPA. How to realize the effective allocation between the multi-energy onboard for aircraft, The architecture and strategies of energy management is very important.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Smart Distribution Mechanisms
To enhance the reliability and resilience of power systems and achieve reliable delivery of power to end users, smart distribution networks (SDNs) play a vital role. The conventional distribution network is transforming into an active one by incorporating a higher degree of automation. Replacing the traditional absence of manual actions, energy delivery is becoming increasingly dependent on intelligent active system management. As an emerging grid modernization concept, the smart grid addresses a wide range of economic and environmental concerns, especially by integrating a wide range of active technologies at distribution level. At the same time, these active technologies are causing a slew of technological problems in terms of power quality and stability. 
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrical Properties of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries have good performance and environmentally friendly characteristics, so they have great potential. However, lithium-ion batteries will age to varying degrees during use, and the process is irreversible. There are many aging mechanisms of lithium batteries. In order to better verify the internal changes of lithium batteries when they are aging, post-mortem analysis has been greatly developed. The state of health (SOH) of Li-ion batteries is usually assessed using two main aspects: the loss of capacity and the increase in impedance. In addition, different kinds of lithium-ion cells can be divided into full cells and half cells. Coin cells are a kind of represented half cells, which can be investigated by a coin cell tester, which are carried out in a climate chamber. Coin cells can also build from full cells to investigate the electrical performance of independent electrodes. The electrodes from full cells could be thoroughly rinsed three times with diethyl carbonate (DEC) to remove the deposition of the electrolyte and Li salt and then be pouched into a specific area to use as the positive electrode as the coin cell.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Biography
José António Tenreiro Machado
Professor José António Tenreiro Machado, (see figure 1) was passionate about science. This manuscript intends to present his main research interests, pointing to the most relevant work that was published throughout his life. Moreover, a brief description of his early life and international academic career are also presented. His contributions to control, robotics, modeling, complex systems a
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Piezoelectric Material
Piezoelectric materials can be called“the top of the crop” of smart materials. Piezoelectric materials have emerged as the most researched materials for practical applications among the numerous smart materials. They owe it to a few main reasons, including low cost, high bandwidth of service, availability in a variety of formats, and ease of handling and execution. Several authors have used piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators to effectively control structural vibrations, noise, and active control, as well as for structural health monitoring, over the last three decades. These studies cover a wide range of engineering disciplines, from vast space systems to aerospace, automotive, civil, and biomedical engineering.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
IoT Communication in Mining Environments
While a robust and reliable communication network for monitoring the mining environment in a timely manner to take care of people, the planet Earth and profits is key, the mining environment is very challenging in terms of achieving reliable wireless transmission.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Developing High-Power-Density Electromagnetic Devices
Advanced magnetic materials, particularly nanocrystalline and amorphous magnetic materials, exhibit distinct magnetic properties that allow for efficient magnetic flux concentration and minimize energy losses. As a result, they are ideal for implementation in high-power-density electromagnetic devices. Additionally, integrating these materials into electromagnetic devices can result in both substantial reductions in core loss and improvements in efficiency.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Application of Optical Fibers in Temperature Monitoring
The current generation is witnessing a huge interest in optical waveguides due to their salient features: they are of low cost, immune to electromagnetic interference, easy to multiplex, have a compact size, etc. These features of optical fibers make them a useful tool for various sensing applications including in medicine, automotives, biotechnology, food quality control, aerospace, physical and chemical monitoring. Among all the reported applications, optical wave guides have been widely exploited to measure the physical and chemical variations in the surrounding environment. Optical fiber-based temperature sensors have played a crucial role in this decade to detect high fever and tackle COVID-19-like pandemics. Recognizing the major developments in the field of optical fibers, this entry provides recent progress in temperature sensors utilizing several sensing configurations including conventional fiber, photonic crystal fiber, and Bragg grating fibers. Additionally, this entry also highlights the advantages, limitations, and future possibilities in this area.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Technology in Sports
Wearable technology is increasingly vital for improving sports performance through real-time data analysis and tracking. Both professional and amateur athletes rely on wearable sensors to enhance training efficiency and competition outcomes.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Oct 2025
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