Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
A Multi-Level Optimization Approach
Researchers optimizes Chlorine Booster Stations (CBS) location on a network with two main objectives; (1) to deliver minimal Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) throughout all demand nodes according to country regulations, and (2) to reduce day chlorine mass concentration supplied in the system by applying an hour time pattern in CBS, consequently associated economic, energy and environmental impacts complying with regulatory standards
  • 559
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Benefits and Ecosystem Services Provided by Green Roofs
Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) strategies have been widely used in cities to mitigate the negative consequences of rapid urbanization and climate change. Whilst WSUD is a popular term in Australia and a few other countries, blue-green infrastructure (BGI) is also a commonly used term. Green roofs (GR) have been regarded as a promising BGI strategy to deal with these globally growing concerns of urbanization and climate change. This BGI strategy, sometimes called a living roof or vegetated roof, offers a wide range of environmental, social, and economic benefits compared to conventional roofs (CRs). The stormwater management and the mitigation of heat-related issues are the two primary GR benefits that have attracted the attention of researchers the most. Additionally, GR is capable of reducing energy consumption, improving air and runoff quality, and alleviating noise pollution.
  • 558
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
E-Health Practices and Technologies
E-health can be defined as a set of technologies applied with the help of the internet, in which healthcare services are provided to improve quality of life and facilitate healthcare delivery.
  • 557
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cooling Load of Radiant Systems
The cooling load of systems refers to the heat removed from a room to the outside environment and adjacent rooms, which is based on some parameters such as zone climate data, location, usage, and so on. The cooling capacity of a radiant system represents the amount of cooling required at a specific moment to keep a stable room temperature. It is a basic parameter of radiant systems and an important reference for system design and operation. In addition, The changes of surface heat transfer coefficient also cause changes of cooling load and cooling capacity of the radiant system. Based on above background, current situation of researchers' studies on the cooling load is summarized, cooling capacity and surface heat transfer coefficient of radiant systems.
  • 556
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Composite Materials for Structure Strengthening and Resilience Improvement
Advanced composite materials have excellent performance and broad engineering application prospects, and have received widespread attention. Advanced composite materials can mainly be divided into fiber-reinforced composite materials, laminated composite materials, matrix composite materials, and other composite materials. 
  • 554
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Solar Panel Waste in Pavement Construction
Waste from used solar panels will be a worldwide problem in the near future mainly due to the strong uptake in solar energy and the necessity of disposing solar panel systems at the end–of–life stage, as these materials are hazardous. While new techniques and strategies are often investigated to manage the end–of–life of solar panels effectively, there is huge potential in recycling and reusing solar panel waste as components for alternate products. Numerous studies have been conducted on using alternate materials instead of conventional materials in pavement construction.The findings present opportunities to use different solar panel waste materials such as glass, aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), and polymer waste as potential replacement materials in various types of pavement construction.
  • 553
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Predicting Pavement Condition Index Using Fuzzy Logic Technique
The fuzzy logic technique is one of the effective approaches for evaluating flexible and rigid pavement distress. The process of classifying pavement distress is usually performed by visual inspection of the pavement surface or using data collected by automated distress measurement equipment. Fuzzy mathematics provides a convenient tool for incorporating subjective analysis, uncertainty in pavement condition index, and maintenance-needs assessment, and can greatly improve consistency and reduce subjectivity in this process.
  • 549
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Novel Manufacturing Methods for Textile-Reinforced Concrete
Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a composite material consisting of a concrete matrix with a high-performance reinforcement made of technical textiles. TRC offers unique mechanical properties for the construction industry, enabling the construction of lightweight, material-minimized structures with high load-bearing potential. In addition, compared with traditional concrete design, TRC offers unique possibilities to realize free-form, double-curved structures. 
  • 549
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation in Unsaturated Soil
Unsaturated soil is a form of natural soil whose pores are filled by air and water. Different from saturated soil, the microstructure of unsaturated soil consists of three phases, namely, the solid phase (soil particle), vapor phase, and liquid phase. Due to the matric suction of soil pores, the hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of unsaturated soils present a significant dependence on the moisture condition, which usually results in a series of unpredictable risks, including foundation settlement, landslide, and dam collapse. Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology that can improve the water stability of unsaturated soft or expansive soils.
  • 547
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Damping Effect of Buckling-Restrained Braces
Modern cities are becoming more and more dependent on transportation with the rapid growth of the population and the development of the economy. As a traffic lifeline, once a bridge is damaged in an earthquake, traffic will be hindered, and restoring and rebuilding the bridge will take a long time, which will affect the daily life of drivers and locals. Therefore, bridge seismic problems cannot be ignored. One of the most widely used damping methods used to mitigate the seismic responses of bridges in recent years is the application of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Due to their stable mechanical properties, simple construction, and simple designs, BRBs are effective seismic dampers that are gradually being applied in the study of seismic bridges to improve their seismic capacities. With the development of engineering technology, the structure of BRBs is constantly being updated, and experimental and theoretical research on them has gradually attracted increasing attention.
  • 547
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Numerical simulation of PBL
An analytical investigation focusing on the concrete damage progress of the PBL shear connector under the influence of various lateral pressures, employing coupled RBSM and solid FEM model was carried out. The internal failure process was also clarified; the two horizontal cracks occurred near the top of the concrete dowels through the hole of the perforated steel plate, afterward, the two vertical cracks also initiated and propagated along with the shear surface. In a low lateral pressure case, the shear strength was determined by the vertical cracks propagated along with the shear surface. While as the amount of applied lateral pressure was increased, the shear strength of two vertical cracked surfaces was enhanced and the shear strength of the PBL was characterized by the occurrence of the splitting cracks and caused the splitting failure into the side concrete blocks. Moreover, the combined effects of lateral pressures and holes' diameters were also evaluated numerically and it was found that the increase in shear strength was more in large diameter case subjected to high lateral pressure because of the wide compressive regions generated around the concrete dowel.   
  • 546
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Use of Steel Slags in Asphalt Pavements
Steel slag is a by-product obtained through the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. It can be produced by different types of furnaces (blast, basic oxygen, electric arc, ladle furnaces). The reuse of metallurgical slags in road pavements can pursue aims of recycling and environmental sustainability.
  • 542
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Obstacles of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative
Alkali-activated binders (AABs) are prepared from solid low- or high-calcium aluminosilicate precursors in a strongly alkaline environment, thus generating hardened binders with cement-like properties. In the contemporary literature, the issue of the necessity of distinguishing between AABs and geopolymers has been widely discussed. A geopolymer is defined as a polymer created by the partial dissolution of an aluminosilicate source in a user-friendly alkaline or acidic medium to construct three-dimensional polymeric networks. On the other hand, the mechanism for the creation of AABs is similar to that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), where, instead of calcium silicate hydrate gel, potassium or sodium aluminosilicate hydrate is available. Davidovits makes a distinction even between a geopolymer cement and a binder, stating that cement refers to a binding system that hardens at room temperature (e.g., OPC), while a binder requires heat setting.
  • 541
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties Decay of Corroded Reinforcement in Concrete
Among the leading consequences of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures (RCS) the cross section reduction in steel bars should be mentioned, coupled to a decay of their mechanical material properties. Researchers recalls the main literature findings on the topic and describes a wide collected database of experimental tensile tests performed on naturally corroded reinforcements. The principal predictive degradation laws available in the scientific literature to assess the residual mechanical properties of the corroded reinforcements are synthesized. A first attempt to evaluate the reliability of the literature decay laws to simulate the mechanical performance of naturally corroded steel reinforcement subjected to both uniform and pitting corrosion is performed. Finally, some remarks are suggested on both the tested naturally corroded steel reinforcement and the available degradation laws.
  • 540
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Automated Visual Inspection
This article evaluates the state of the art of deep-learning-based automated visual inspection in manufacturing and maintenance applications and contrasts it to academic research in the field of computer vision. By doing so itidentifies to what extent computer vision innovations are already being used and which potential improvements could be realized by further transferring promising concepts. Existing work is either focused on specific industry sectors or methodologies but not on industrial VI as a whole or is outdated by almost two decades. We surveyed 196 open access publications from 2010 to March 2023 from the fields of manufacturing and maintenance with no restriction regarding industries. Our main findings were: The vast majority of publications utilize supervised learning approaches on relatively small datasets with convolutional neural networks. The timegap between publication of new approaches in deep learning-based computer vision and its first application in industrial visual inspection is approximately three years First vision transformer models emerge in 2022 and seem to outperform established models but their excellent self-supervised learning capabilities are not explored to date
  • 538
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Relationship between Occupants’ Thermal Behavior and Energy Consumption
Despite an increased awareness about energy conservation, the energy consumed for water heating has increased by 7% from 2008 (17%) to 2018 (24%) in Hong Kong.
  • 536
  • 02 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Foam Concrete
Foam concrete is a promising material in building and construction applications, providing such outstanding properties as high specific strength, excellent thermal insulation, and effective acoustic absorption in human-inhabited buildings.
  • 536
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Double-Row Pile Supporting Structure
Double-row pile supporting systems are mainly used in temporary engineering as a protection measure to ensure the smooth construction of the underground section of the main part of the structures and the safety of the environment around the foundation pit. During the process of urbanization, the density of high-rise, super-high-rise, and underground buildings in cities has increased, and the utilization rate of underground space has been increasing. Influenced by the foundation of adjacent structures and the complex underground environment, the double-row pile supporting structure has attracted wide attention. Based on the existing single-row pile, and by adding a row of piles behind it, the double-row pile supporting structure evolves from this. The double-row pile structure is mainly composed of the front pile, the back pile, the crown beam, and the connecting beam.
  • 535
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Urban Green Infrastructure for Thermal Comfort
The elements of urban green infrastructure (UGI), such as green roofs, green walls, and green facades, represent a natural base solution to break the vicious cycle by providing thermal comfort to urban residents without placing an additional burden in terms of urbanization and global warming. Integrating UGI into urban design can improve the urban microclimate, achieve energy-demand savings, and create temperate outdoor spaces. Studies show that UGI is effective for controlling UHI and improving air quality; it leads to positive health effects by reducing asthma, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, obesity, and circulatory disease. The indirect positive health impacts associated with socio-economic factors include child cognitive development, elderly longevity, and strengthened immunity. The incorporation of UGI in urban design can help cities to tackle the challenges of limited access to resources and a lack of green space due to urban development, but the success of UGI implantation requires input from the city authorities, businesses, and other institutions, working together to investigate different options to adapt a variety of urban spaces.
  • 532
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling for Application in Geotechnical Engineering
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the modern technology of digital transformation in architecture and engineering. The technology includes software and multi-disciplinary data processing procedures for designing, documentation and modeling.
  • 531
  • 16 Jun 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 23
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback