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Li, J.;  Wang, L.;  Yao, Y.;  Tao, Y.;  Liu, K. Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31688 (accessed on 13 October 2024).
Li J,  Wang L,  Yao Y,  Tao Y,  Liu K. Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31688. Accessed October 13, 2024.
Li, Jue, Lei Wang, Yongsheng Yao, Yiyang Tao, Kefei Liu. "Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31688 (accessed October 13, 2024).
Li, J.,  Wang, L.,  Yao, Y.,  Tao, Y., & Liu, K. (2022, October 28). Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31688
Li, Jue, et al. "Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 October, 2022.
Morphological Characteristic Evaluation of Road Aggregates
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The sustainable performance of asphalt pavement depends on the quality and mix design of road aggregates. Identifying aggregate morphology and size is a prerequisite step for material design and numerical modeling of asphalt mixtures.

aggregate morphology asphalt mixture mechanical property shape angularity texture

1. Introduction

Asphalt mixtures are used in over 90% of highway construction in China. Currently, asphalt pavement generally has a short service life, and there is a gap in the design life. Aggregates account for more than 90% of the total mass of asphalt mixtures. Mineral aggregate, a vitally important road material, forms a good load-bearing capacity after gradation combination and sufficient compaction and can be used directly in the paving of the subgrade or subbase of road structures [1]. At the same time, multiphase composites are structurally characterized by a coarse aggregate skeleton and fine aggregate filling through binders such as asphalt and cement [2]. These materials have long dominated the pavement structure. Using aggregate properties to improve their mixes’ mechanical properties and service life has been an important area of research in road engineering.

2. Morphological Characteristic Evaluation

The engineering properties of road materials (e.g., asphalt mixes and cement concrete) are influenced by the morphological characteristics (shape, angle, and texture) of the aggregates [3]. Therefore, suitable evaluation methods and indicators can better quantify the morphological characteristics of aggregates. Specifically, the shape profile and angularity of coarse aggregates belong to the macroscopic category, while the surface texture belongs to the microscopic category [4]. The relationship among shape, angularity and surface texture is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Relationship among shape, angularity and surface texture.

2.1. Shape

The shape of the aggregate can be divided into two dimensions and three dimensions, and the analysis of the aggregate shape can be divided into sphericity and shape factor, roundness, formation index, Fourier series, flat length ratio, aspect ratio, width ratio, symmetry, and three-dimensional shape factor [5]. As for the contour characteristics of particles, the concept of two-dimensional planes is mainly involved. With the development of digital image technology, the quantitative indexes of contour shape have progressed from shallow to deep, from the simple fine length to the development of relatively fine angular roundness. The fine length, also known as the axis ratio, is generally defined as the ratio of the long axis to the short axis of the equivalent ellipse of the planar projection of the aggregate.
The indicators characterizing the shape of the aggregates can be distinguished into 2D and 3D. Among them, most of the 2D metrics use length and area for shape characterization, such as form index (2D), roundness, the ratio of breadth to width, etc. It is easy to lose a lot of shape detail information. The aggregates’ shape, angularity and texture are effectively separated by the Fourier series method. Three-dimensional indexes include shape factor (SF), flat and elongated ratio (FER), and sphericity (ψ). These indexes can characterize the aggregate morphology more accurately. The shape index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Shape index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics.
Mora et al. [16] proposed a method for measuring the sphericity, shape factor and convexity of concrete aggregates, which estimated the thickness and volume of the particles, measured the thickness-dependent shape parameters, and evaluated the weighted average of individual particle shape parameters in aggregate specimens. Al-Rousan et al. [17] evaluated the accuracy of the analytical methods used in currently available imaging systems. Komba et al. [18] reconstructed a three-dimensional model of aggregate particles after obtaining data from three-dimensional laser scans of various types of aggregates. This laser scanning technique can better quantify the morphological characteristics of aggregates by calculating the sphericity from surface area and volume, the sphericity from three orthogonal dimensions, and the flat-length ratio from the longest and shortest dimensions of the aggregate particles.
The brittleness index is an important shape parameter in aggregates widely used in infrastructure construction, such as roads, and Anochie-Boateng et al. [19] developed a new equation for the brittleness index and verified its reliability. Laser scanning technology provided more accurate evaluation results and improved the selection of construction aggregates compared to traditional evaluation methods. Pan [20] and Tutumluer [21] evaluated the surface characteristics of crushed and uncrushed aggregates in asphalt mixtures using the 3D laser scanning technique, which had a good correlation with the experimental results. Ge et al. [22] proposed the flatness elongation index, sphericity index and specific surface area to characterize various aspects of the morphological characteristics of coarse aggregates and derived that small-size aggregates have a larger proportion of elongated particle number.
From the above research, it can be seen that the 3D scanning technique can well-characterize the aggregate’s shape. However, previous studies using 3D scanning technology have mainly focused on the shape, volume, and surface properties of aggregates from one or different quarries, with less research on the morphological decay pattern of aggregates during application.

2.2. Angularity

Aggregate angularity essentially describes the degree of sharpness of the angles. Corner roundness was proposed by Wadell [23] and others to describe the sharpness of the combination of corners and edges of a particle and was generally considered to be related to the radius of curvature or geometric fractal of the particle profile at the sharp end, while for quantitative evaluation, most researches have used the method of fitting similar polygons to obtain the angularity parameter of an aggregate. Fractals were first created by Mandelbrot [24] and have been widely used in various disciplines through continuous development. Fractals are used as a theoretical tool to describe and evaluate some characteristics such as hierarchical continuity, irregularity or randomness [25], and asphalt mixtures exhibit statistical self-similarity in volume and properties, which is suitable for quantitative analysis with fractal theory.
Wang et al. [26] proposed a unified Fourier morphological analysis method to quantify the shape characteristics of aggregates. Zhang et al. [27] proposed an index to characterize the combined effect of rib angle and surface texture of coarse aggregates, i.e., AT, and investigated the statistical distribution pattern of the AT index for different grain sizes of basalt aggregates and their composite aggregates. Rajan et al. [28] studied the comparison of rib angles of different grain sizes of aggregates under different crusher production. The angularity index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Angularity index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics.
Liu et al. [35] reconstructed the microstructure model of the asphalt mixes used for uniaxial compression tests based on X-ray CT scans, keeping the original morphology of the aggregates. The 3D finite element model with different aggregate angles was established and simulated for uniaxial compression tests by artificially reducing the aggregate angles by keeping the original morphology unchanged. The effect of the aggregate angle on the mechanical response of the asphalt mixture was quantitatively analyzed. In order to obtain the probability distribution of shape features, GA values were proposed in the previous study to quantify the 2D morphology of agglomerate particles by AIMS tests. The GA values of the aggregates are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Distribution of GA values for aggregates.
Zhu et al. [36] collected the aggregate characteristics by a 3D blue-ray scanner, and evaluated the effect of coarse aggregate size and angles on the volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures. Huang et al. [37] prepared mixes with similar aggregate gradation using five different angular levels of coarse-grained aggregates and three different asphalt binders and evaluated the coarse aggregate angles (CAA) by compacted voids in coarse aggregates (VCA) and triaxial shear tests.
In summary, researchers have proposed various evaluation indicators to further improve the road performance of road aggregates from different angles by studying the angularity of aggregates. Currently, many shape indices have been proposed by mathematical methods. However, most of the studies of these indices are based on graphical and statistical laws. Their correlation with the mechanical properties of aggregates lacks research. At the same time, the applicability of these indices for the prediction of the structural properties of the mixture still lacks a uniform classification standard.

2.3. Texture

The aggregate texture is mainly distinguished by the smoothness and roughness of aggregate particles. Miller et al. [38] proposed an analytical method to describe the surface texture of asphalt pavements using laser profiles to estimate friction characteristics. Al-Assi et al. [39] used Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP) to measure the changes in micro texture on asphalt pavements. Khasawneh et al. [40] proposed an equation based on nonlinear regression to calculate the texture of asphalt pavements and the steady state’s texture features. Du et al. [41] utilized a 2D wavelet method to describe the texture obtained by a 3D laser scanner on asphalt pavement. Hu et al. [42] conducted an analysis of the influence of texture on the skid resistance of asphalt pavements by using the collected pavement surface texture data. The texture index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Texture index of aggregate with calculation equations and main characteristics.
An asphalt mixture is a typical non-homogeneous composite material consisting of irregularly shaped and distributed aggregates, asphalt binder and voids [47][48]. The aggregate morphological characteristics significantly influence the properties of asphalt mixtures [49][50], which can be found in existing studies. Improving the performance of asphalt mixes based on morphological characteristics of aggregates accounting for 90% of the total mass of asphalt mixes is an important research direction. Traditional methods of testing aggregate morphological characteristics are time-consuming and rely heavily on subjective judgments, resulting in imprecise experimental results. In most of the tests, it is difficult for the researchers to control the aggregate morphological characteristics variables [51]. Aragão et al. [52] mixed aggregates from different sources and tested them using AIMS to obtain aggregates with different angles and textures; nevertheless, it was impossible to distinguish which morphological characteristics were responsible for the effect. Wang et al. [53] employed a modified Los Angeles (LA) wear test to obtain aggregates with different angles, calculated the fractal dimension and changed the size and surface texture of the aggregates. Puzzo et al. [54] proposed a 3D model evaluation method for pavement texture based on digital image processing techniques, which used photographs to generate a Digital Surface Model (DSM) to calculate the digital Mean Texture Depth (MTD) and calculate and analyze other texture parameters for contour extraction.
Cui [43] evaluated the effect of aggregate morphology variation on the performance of asphalt pavements and investigated the asphalt coverage ratio and the mechanical properties of the mixture for different types of aggregates to quantify the aggregate morphological characteristics by AIMS. An accurate definition of the aggregate morphological characteristics is important for the initial design phase of pavements, extending the service life of roads and reducing the use of natural aggregates and the generation of solid waste.
Inadequate adhesion between asphalt and aggregate can cause severe distress in pavement structure and service life [55], and the conventional approach, which does not consider active adhesion mechanisms, is hardly convincing. Cui et al. [56] investigated and designed an active adhesion-based test method to compensate for the adhesion deficiency and used digital image processing techniques to quantify the adhesive properties. The results showed that digital image processing could measure the asphalt coating ratio accurately and effectively.
In summary, the texture is a micro-morphological characteristic of the aggregate. The greater the complexity of the surface texture, the greater the internal friction angle that can be generated when the aggregates are embedded and locked with each other after crushing. Aggregate texture has fewer means of characterization relative to shape and angularity. At present, there is no excellent way to judge the state of the textural distribution of asphalt pavement surface texture. Further development of evaluation metrics is needed to better predict pavement friction performance.

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