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Topic Review
DNAzyme with Nanomaterial in Biosensors
DNAzyme is a short single-stranded DNA molecule that has the biological catalysis function. DNAzyme is widely used in biosensing platforms such as metal ion sensing and miRNA detection due to its cofactor-dependent and sequence-specific catalytic properties.
  • 550
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Near-Infrared-II Fluorophores for Spectra-Domain Multichannel Biosensing
The pathological process involves a range of intrinsic biochemical markers. The detection of multiple biological parameters is imperative for providing precise diagnostic information on diseases. In vivo multichannel fluorescence biosensing facilitates the acquisition of biochemical information at different levels, such as tissue, cellular, and molecular, with rapid feedback, high sensitivity, and high spatiotemporal resolution. The implementation of in vivo multichannel fluorescence biosensing requires a meticulous selection of nonoverlap excitation–emission wavelengths for the use of NIR-II fluorophores. To achieve simultaneous visualization/tracking of multiple analytes at the tissue or cellular level, fluorophores with varying excitation–emission properties are necessary to bind specific targets. 
  • 540
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Real-Time Label-Free Detection of Small Molecules
The detection and analysis of small molecules, typically defined as molecules under 1000 Da, is of growing interest ranging from the development of small-molecule drugs and inhibitors to the sensing of toxins and biomarkers. However, due to challenges such as their small size and low mass, many biosensing technologies struggle to have the sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of small molecules.
  • 527
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Aptasensing Paper-Based Analytical Devices
Aptamers are short oligonucleotides designed to possess high binding affinity towards specific target compounds (ions, molecules, or cells). Due to their function and unique advantages, aptamers are considered viable alternatives to antibodies as biorecognition elements in bioassays and biosensors. On the other hand, paper-based devices (PADs) have emerged as a promising and powerful technology for the fabrication of low-cost analytical tools, mainly intended for on-site and point-of-care applications. 
  • 526
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches in Phytochrome Research
Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that translate light into physiological functions. Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for molecular research into these photoreceptors.
  • 525
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Framework-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence in Biosensing
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted increasing attention owing to its intrinsic advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, and low background. Considering the fact that framework nanocrystals such as metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks have accurate molecular structures, a series of framework-based ECL platforms are developed for decoding emission fundamentals. The integration of fluorescent ligands into frameworks significantly improves the ECL properties due to the arrangement of molecules and intramolecular electron transfer. 
  • 522
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Applications of Iron Complexes with Nitrogen-Containing Ligands
Iron complexes are particularly interesting as catalyst systems over the other transition metals (including noble metals) due to iron’s high natural abundance and mediation in important biological processes, therefore making them non-toxic, cost-effective, and biocompatible. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis mediated by iron as a transition metal have found applications in many industries, including oxidation, C-C bond formation, hydrocarboxylation and dehydration, hydrogenation and reduction reactions of low molecular weight molecules.
  • 522
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
DNA-Based Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Cancer Cell Membrane Imaging
As an important barrier between the cytoplasm and the microenvironment of the cell, the cell membrane is essential for the maintenance of normal cellular physiological activities. An abnormal cell membrane is a crucial symbol of body dysfunction and the occurrence of variant diseases; therefore, the visualization and monitoring of biomolecules associated with cell membranes and disease markers are of utmost importance in revealing the biological functions of cell membranes. Due to their biocompatibility, programmability, and modifiability, DNA nanomaterials have become increasingly popular in cell fluorescence imaging in recent years. In addition, DNA nanomaterials can be combined with the cell membrane in a specific manner to enable the real-time imaging of signal molecules on the cell membrane, allowing for the real-time monitoring of disease occurrence and progression.
  • 521
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques
Green sample preparation is one of the most challenging aspects in green analytical chemistry. In this framework, miniaturized microextraction techniques have been developed and are widely performed due to their numerous positive features such as simplicity, limited need for organic solvents, instrumentation of low cost and short time of extraction. Some of the most important sample preparation techniques covered include solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), single-drop microextraction (SDME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE).
  • 519
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Analytical Methods for Detection and Quantification of Neurotransmitters
Recognized for its speed and selectivity, high-precision liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) enables direct analysis of intracerebral microdialysis samples without complex derivatization. Various chromatographic methods, including reverse phase (RP), are explored for neurotransmitters (NTs) and metabolites separation. 
  • 518
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Magnet Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
In 2014, Kabir and Furton invented fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE), which was considered as a new breakthrough in microextraction technologies at that time, while two years later, the same research group introduced an advantageous innovative configuration of FPSE that combines stirring and extraction mechanism into a single sample preparation device, keeping all benefits originally offered by FPSE. Magnet integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction (MI-FPSE) was eventually emerged as a new, advantageous implementation of FPSE.
  • 517
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Probes
The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. The TrxR fluorescent probes have contributed significantly to the investigation of TrxR’s biological functions and have been valuable tools in TrxR-related research.
  • 513
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescence Imaging with Chemical Sensors in Marine Research
Fluorescence imaging in combination with optical chemical sensors has become a powerful analytical tool that enables the visualization and quantification of chemical species within a sample or on sample surfaces. By the use of fluorescent sensor parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, e.g., oxygen, pH, CO2, and H2O2, various metal cations or temperature can be imaged. Imaging methods by the means of optical sensors are applied in diverse scientific areas such as medical research and diagnostics, aerodynamics, environmental analysis, or marine research.
  • 508
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide for Organic Compounds Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction
Graphene oxide (GO) is a chemical compound with a form similar to graphene that consists of one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp2-bonded carbon. Graphene oxide exhibits high hydrophilicity and dispersibility. Thus, it is difficult to be separated from aqueous solutions. Therefore, functionalization with magnetic nanoparticles is performed in order to prepare a magnetic GO nanocomposite that combines the sufficient adsorption capacity of graphene oxide and the convenience of magnetic separation. Moreover, the magnetic material can be further functionalized with different groups to prevent aggregation and extends its potential application. A plethora of magnetic GO hybrid materials have been synthesized and successfully employed for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of organic compounds from environmental, agricultural, biological, and food samples. The developed GO nanocomposites exhibit satisfactory stability in aqueous solutions, as well as sufficient surface area.
  • 507
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is a vital enzyme used in separation studies and as a biomarker for liver, bone, and certain cancer conditions. Its stability and specific properties enable insights into enzyme behavior, aiding in the development of detection methods with broader applications in various scientific fields. Alkaline phosphatase has four main isoenzymes: germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), each with distinct roles. TNAP is found in the liver, kidney, and bones, playing a role in bone mineralization. Separation techniques like electrophoresis and chromatography are valuable for studying enzymes and proteins, revealing insights into their structure and function in pharmaceutical research and post-translational modification (PTM) studies. 
  • 504
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Direct Injection Mass Spectrometry for Grape/Wine/Alcoholic Beverages Analysis
Direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) entails the direct introduction of a gaseous sample into a mass analyser without prior treatment or separation. DIMS techniques offer the opportunity to monitor processes in time, with limits of detection as low as 0.5 parts per trillion in volume (for a 1 s measurement time) while providing results with high informational content. hanks to its unique characteristics, DIMS allows the online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by grapes during fermentative bioprocesses or by wine directly from the glass headspace or during drinking. A DIMS-based approach can also be adopted to perform quality control and high-throughput analysis, allowing us to characterise the volatile profile of large sample sets rapidly and in a comprehensive fashion.
  • 503
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advancing Surface Plasmon Enhanced Fluorescence based POC technologies
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms are globally employed in modern smart technologies to detect events or changes in the analyte concentration and provide qualitative and quantitative information in biosensing. Surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) technology has emerged as an effective POC diagnostic tool for developing robust biosensing frameworks. The simplicity, robustness and relevance of the technology has attracted researchers in physical, chemical and biological milieu on account of its unique attributes such as high specificity, sensitivity, low background noise, highly polarized, sharply directional, excellent spectral resolution capabilities.
  • 495
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are contaminants that may mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones, hampering the normal functions of the endocrine system in humans and animals. These substances, either natural or man-made, are involved in development, breeding, and immunity, causing a wide range of diseases and disorders. The traditional detection methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chromatography are still the golden techniques for EDs detection due to their high sensitivity, robustness, and accuracy. Nevertheless, they have the disadvantage of being expensive and time-consuming, requiring bulky equipment or skilled personnel. On the other hand, early stage detection of EDs on-the-field requires portable devices fulfilling the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free, Deliverable to end users (ASSURED) norms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors can be easily implemented in fully automated, sample-to-answer devices by integrating electrodes in microfluidic chips.
  • 465
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lipid Membrane Biosensors: Structure, Mechanism, and Emerging Applications
Lipid membrane-based biosensors have emerged as a powerful class of analytical devices, merging biological recognition with lipid bilayers to detect a wide range of analytes. These systems exploit the biomimetic properties of lipid membranes, offering high specificity, biocompatibility, and the ability to incorporate functional biomolecules such as receptors, enzymes, or ion channels. This review outlines the key design principles, fabrication techniques, detection mechanisms, and applications of lipid membrane-based biosensors, with a focus on their role in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and drug screening.
  • 381
  • 03 Sep 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Matrix Certified Reference Materials
Matrix certified reference materials (mCRMs) are materials characterized by suitable homogeneity, stability, and traceability, with certified values, including uncertainties, and a specific matrix. mCRMs constitute a reference for instrumental analytical methods and ensure their metrological consistency. Matrix certified reference materials (mCRMs) are essential tools for ensuring the accuracy and traceability of analytical measurements, particularly for samples with complex matrices. These mCRMs are carefully manufactured materials that closely mimic the composition and properties of real samples, allowing laboratories to validate their analytical methods, calibrate analytical instruments, or check the classical methods. This article highlights the challenges associated with the production and characterization of these complex mCRMs, including obtaining homogeneous materials, establishing accurate target values, and ensuring stability for different types of materials, such as gases, liquids, and metal alloys. Additionally, the process of statistical evaluation through the use of advanced statistical methods is discussed, as is the systems approach associated with the implementation of the ISO 17034 standard, which specifies the requirements for manufacturers of reference materials. This paper also includes a summary of the current status in trends of normalization as well as mCRM production.
  • 345
  • 06 Jun 2025
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