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Kissoudi, M.; Samanidou, V. Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46885 (accessed on 25 July 2024).
Kissoudi M, Samanidou V. Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46885. Accessed July 25, 2024.
Kissoudi, Maria, Victoria Samanidou. "Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46885 (accessed July 25, 2024).
Kissoudi, M., & Samanidou, V. (2023, July 17). Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46885
Kissoudi, Maria and Victoria Samanidou. "Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 July, 2023.
Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/molecules23061437

Green sample preparation is one of the most challenging aspects in green analytical chemistry. In this framework, miniaturized microextraction techniques have been developed and are widely performed due to their numerous positive features such as simplicity, limited need for organic solvents, instrumentation of low cost and short time of extraction. Some of the most important sample preparation techniques covered include solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), single-drop microextraction (SDME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE).

ionic liquids sample preparation microextraction solid-phase microextraction dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction single-drop microextraction stir bar sorptive extraction stir cake sorptive extraction

1. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a widely known sample preparation technique, combining sampling and pre-concentration, due to its quickness and cost-effectiveness with absence of organic solvents. Since its establishment by Pawliszyn and co-workers it has been performed combined with several types of commercial sorbent coatings, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylate, carboxen, PDMS-carboxen or divinylbenzene (DVB) depending on the analyte [1][2].
In a recent study of Tang and Duan, a porous polymeric ionic liquid, poly(1-vinyl-3-(4-vinyl-benzyl)imidazolium chloride), was synthesized and used as a sorbent coating for SPME for the analysis of polar organic acids [3]. The results showed that the fiber was more sensitive and practical for the extraction of polar compounds in comparison with the commercial fibers.
Ionic liquids compromise another effective type of sorbent coating that can be coupled with SPME technique in two different modes, headspace (HS-SPME) and direct immersion (DI-SPME). In the first mode, the sorbent coating is exposed to the headspace of the sample where the target analyte is present, while in the second the SPME-fiber is pushed out of the hollow needle and immersed into the sample directly. Following the sorption of the analyte in both cases, the fiber is drawn into the needle, the needle is withdrawn from the sample vial and transferred to the injection port of an analytical instrument, where desorption of the analyte takes place and the analysis is carried out [4][5].
A benzyl-functionalized crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) was developed by Merdivan et al. and successfully used as a sorbent coating in headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection for the determination of seven volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples [6]. The VBHDIM-NTf2 IL monomer and (DVBIM)2C12-2NTf2 IL cross-linker were used for the synthesis of the crosslinked PIL-based sorbent coating.
In-tube SPME is an improved mode of SPME sample preparation technique introduced by Pawliszyn in 1997, where the coupling of SPME with HPLC is achieved more conveniently. Sun et al. developed a fiber-in-tube solid phase microextraction device with copper support modified via chemical bonding with ionic liquids. Especially, one copper tube was filled with eleven copper wires functionalized with ionic liquids and it was combined online with a high-performance liquid chromatography system to strengthen extraction capacity and eliminate dead volume, building an online in-tube SPME-HPLC system. In this framework, an in-tube SPME-HPLC method for the determination of estrogens in water samples was developed with high enrichment factors and satisfactory sensitivity (LODs: 0.02–0.05 g L−1). The presence of ionic liquids in the metal support was crucial for the effectiveness of the developed method increasing the stability of in-tube SPME device and improving the sensitivity by increasing sample volume with a high sampling rate [7].

2. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was first introduced by Rezaee et al. in 2006 as a novel alternative technique for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds in water samples [8]. The fundamentals of DLLME technique are based on the mixing of an aqueous sample containing the analytes with a non-miscible with water organic solvent, used as an extractant, together with a small amount of a dispersive solvent, which is miscible in both water and the extractant solvent. The mixing of the two solvents should be preceded their injection into the sample by a syringe or a micropipette. Gentle manual shaking of the mixture disperses the organic extractant as fine droplets to form a homogenous cloudy solution in which partition of the analytes takes place. Then, the sample is centrifuged, and the sediment phase is collected and determined with the appropriate analytical method [9].
Since its introduction, DLLME has been performed as an extraction technique in various fields of chemistry, such as analytical, environmental, biochemistry, medicinal, pharmaceutical, toxicology and many others. Its increasing popularity is owed to some significant properties, such as the simplicity, the low cost, and the environmentally friendly profile. Furthermore, the dispersive mode improves the extraction kinetics by increasing the contact surface between the extractant and the sample. The most critical part of this technique is the choice of the extraction solvent, which should have a density greater than water’s density and to form a cloudy solution with the dispersive solvent [10][11].
Taking into consideration the properties of ionic liquids as extraction solvents described before, the combination of ILs in DLLME process could be characterized promiscuous. Zhou et al. and Baghdadi and Shemirani were the first researchers who performed the first successful applications of ILs in DLLME process, namely IL-DLLME, for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples and for the extraction of mercury from water samples, respectively [12]. While, Liu and coworkers introduced the conventional IL-DLLME combined with HPLC-DAD for the determination of heterocyclic insecticides in water using the IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, ([C6MIM][PF6]), as the extractant and methanol as the dispersive solvent [13].

3. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE)

Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was initially introduced in 1999 by Baltussen and co-workers [14]. It uses a stir bar for the extraction consisting of a magnet covered with glass, which in turn is coated by a layer (typically 0.5–1 mm) of sorptive material, usually polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The bar is subsequently inserted into a vial, which contains the aqueous sample and it is stirred until equilibrium of analytes concentration between sorbent and sample matrix is reached. After the extraction, the bar is removed and transferred to a clean vial, where the target compounds are analyzed by liquid or gas chromatography by liquid or thermal desorption [15].
Fan and co-workers introduced a novel approach for the extraction and determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) [16]. The researchers synthesized an ionic liquid, 1-allylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([AIM][BF4]) chemically bonded sol-gel coating for stir bar sorptive extraction using γ-(methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (KH-570) as a bridging agent, which showed excellent mechanical strength and chemical/thermal stability compared to the conventional PDMS-based or C18 coating materials. After the optimization of the critical parameters of the technique, such as stirring rate, extraction time, desorption solvent, pH, salt effect, the developed method showed satisfactory reproducibility with RSDs lower than 7.6% and high sensitivity (LODs: 0.23–0.31 μg L−1) for the determination of three NSAIDs. The proposed method is applicable in environmental, food and biological samples

4. Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME)

Single-drop microextraction technique (SDME) was first introduced by Liu and Dasgupta in 1995 as an alternative extraction process eliminating the problems of solvent evaporation, which exists in LLE and SPE, and the degradation of SPME fiber [17]. The basis of this technique is the distribution of the target compounds and a microdrop of solvent that is suspended in the tip of a microsyringe needle. It uses small volumes of organic solvents and simple equipment reducing the total cost of each individual application. SDME can be performed with direct immersion (DI-SDME) in the aqueous sample or in the headspace of the sample (HS-SDME). The main limitation of this technique is the fact that the stability of droplet is highly depended on the used solvent. Thus, solvents with low viscosity, high vapor pressure and low surface tension decrease the effectiveness of the extraction process. ILs could be used as an alternative to the common organic solvents used in SDME.
Jiang et al. used the SDME technique for the extraction and concentration of flavor and fragrance substances in fruit juices [18]. A hydrophilic IL, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluroborate, used successfully as an extraction solvent. The method was validated after the optimization of the main parameters, such as the volume of solvent microdrop, the extraction time, the enrichment time, the temperature, the pH of the sample solution, the height of the microdrop above the solution surface. The method demonstrates satisfactory sensitivity and accuracy with relative standard deviations lower than 9.1%.
A headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) method for the determination of aromatic analytes by HPLC was developed by An et al. using as solvents tetrachloromanganate ([MnCl42−])-based magnetic ionic liquids [19]. A rod magnet was used to sustain the microdroplet of MIL during HS-SDME. High stability of the microdroplet under high temperature and long extraction times was achieved due to the magnetic susceptibility of the MILs. The method showed high sensitivity and precision for the target compounds, and satisfactory relative recoveries from an application in real sample.
He and co-workers developed an ionic liquid-based headspace single drop microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HS-SDME-HPLC) method for the determination of camphor and trans-anethole in licorice tablets [20]. The ionic liquid used as the extracting medium was 1-bityl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate. The method showed satisfactory stability and sensitivity after setting the volume of the IL microdrop to 12 μL. The method is simple, rapid, selective, precise, accurate and linear for the target compounds. SDME technique has the advantage that allows the single step separation, purification and enrichment improving the signal-to-noise ratio and ensuring the accuracy of the method as there was no loss of volatile components.

5. Stir-Cake Sorptive Extraction (SCSE)

Stir-cake sorptive extraction technique is an improved version of SBSE introduced in 2011 [21]. The SCSE device consists of a holder made of iron where the stationary phase is placed. The most common used extractive mediums in SCSE are monolithic cakes designed and prepared properly according to the extracted analytes. In the literature the most often used extraction phases are poly(4-vinylbenzoic acid-divinylbenzene) (VBADB) sorbents based on polymeric ionic liquids.
Wang et al. proposed a new SCSE approach using as sorbent a polymeric ionic liquid monolith obtained by the in situ copolymerization of an ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl]imide (AMII) and divinylbenzene (DB) in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide [22]. By coupling SCSE–AMIIDB with high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection (SCSE–AMIIDB–HPLC/DAD) a simple and effective method for the determination of trace benzimidazoles (Bas) residues in water, milk and honey samples was established with low LODs and high levels of recovery. The SCSE-AMIIDB extractive medium can effectively extract polar BAs through multi-interaction such as hydrophobic, π-π, hydrogen-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions because of the multiple functional groups in the sorbent.
Another preparation of a polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent for SCSE was developed by Zhang et al. for the extraction of metal ions for the first time [23]. The SCSE sorbent was prepared in situ polymerization of 3-(1-ethyl imidazolium-3-yl) propyl-methacrylamido bromide and ethylene dimethacrylate and was used for the extraction of trace antimony in environmental water samples and combined with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) for the determination of trace antimony. The developed method has some advantages such as convenience, sensitivity, good reproducibility and cost-effectiveness, satisfactory linearity, and high recoveries.
In another study, Chen and Huang prepared a polymeric ionic liquid-based adsorbent as the extraction medium of stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE) of three organic acid preservatives, namely, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, sorbic acid and cinnamic acid [24]. The synthesis of the adsorbent was carried out by the copolymerization of 1-ally-3-vinylimidazolium chloride (AV) and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of a porogen solvent containing 1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol. After a long study to obtain the optimized conditions, the SCSE/AVDVB could extract the preservatives effectively through multiply interactions. In this framework, a simple and sensitive method by combining SCSE/AVDVB and HPLC/DAD was developed for the simultaneous analysis of the target preservatives in orange juices and tea drinks. The proposed method showed high sensitivity, good reproducibility, high cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.
Apart from the application of SPME for the determination of estrogens, SCSE has been used an alternative for the determination of estrogens in water samples was developed by Chen and coworkers [25]. In the framework of their study, a new PIL-based, a poly (1-ally-3-vinylimidazolium chloride-co-ethylene dimethacrylate)-AVED, monolith cake was prepared and used as sorbent of SCSE to extract trace estrogens with multi-interactions such as hydrophobic, π-π, hydrogen-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions effectively before their injection in HPLC-DAD system. The developed AVED/SCSE-LD-HPLC/DAD method showed a wide linear range, low LODs, satisfactory reproducibility and good recoveries for real water samples.

References

  1. Pawliszyn, J. (Ed.) Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice; Wiley-VCH, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1997.
  2. Silva, E.A.S.; Risticevic, S.; Pawliszyn, J. Recent trends in SPME concerning sorbent materials, configurations and in vivo applications. Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 43, 24–36.
  3. Tang, Z.; Duan, Y. Fabrication of porous ionic liquid polymer as solid-phase microextraction coating for analysis of organic acids by gas chromatography—Mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017, 172, 45–52.
  4. Płotka-Wasylka, J.; Szczepańska, N.; de la Guardia, M.; Namieśnik, J. Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques. TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem. 2015, 73, 19–38.
  5. Gionfriddo, E.; Souza-Silva, E.; Pawliszyn, J. Headspace versus Direct Immersion Solid Phase Microextraction in Complex Matrixes: Investigation of Analyte Behavior in Multicomponent Mixtures. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 8448–8456.
  6. Merdivan, M.; Pino, V.; Anderson, J.L. Determination of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters using headspace solid-phase microextraction with a benzyl-functionalized crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid coating. Environ. Technol. 2017, 38, 1897–1904.
  7. Sun, M.; Feng, J.; Bu, Y.; Luo, C. Ionic liquid coated copper wires and tubes for fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2016, 1458, 1–8.
  8. Rezaee, M.; Assadi, Y.; Milani Hosseini, M.R.; Aghaee, E.; Ahmadi, F.; Berijani, S. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1116, 1–9.
  9. Trujillo-Rodríguez, M.J.; Rocío-Bautista, P.; Pino, V.; Afonso, A.M. Ionic liquids in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 51, 87–106.
  10. Mansour, F.R.; Khairy, M.A. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2017, 1061–1062, 382–391.
  11. Ma, J.; Lu, W.; Chen, L. Recent Advances in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Organic Compounds Analysis in Environmental Water: A Review. Curr. Anal. Chem. 2012, 8, 78–90.
  12. Zhou, Q.; Bai, H.; Xie, G.; Xiao, J. Trace determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1188, 148–153.
  13. Liu, Y.; Zhao, E.; Zhu, W.; Gao, H.; Zhou, Z. Determination of four heterocyclic insecticides by ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in water samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 885–891.
  14. Baltussen, E.; Sandra, P.; David, F.; Cramers, C. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: Theory and principles. J. Microcolumn Sep. 1999, 11, 737–747.
  15. Camino-Sánchez, F.J.; Rodríguez-Gómez, R.; Zafra-Gómez, A.; Santos-Fandila, A.; Vílchez, J.L. Stir bar sorptive extraction: Recent applications, limitations and future trends. Talanta 2014, 130, 388–399.
  16. Fan, W.; Mao, X.; He, M.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Development of novel sol-gel coatings by chemically bonded ionic liquids for stir bar sorptive extraction—Application for the determination of NSAIDS in real samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014, 406, 7261–7273.
  17. Liu, S.; Dasgupta, P.-K. Liquid Droplet. A Renewable Gas Sampling Interface. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 2042–2049.
  18. An, J.; Rahn, K.L.; Anderson, J.L. Headspace single drop microextraction versus dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using magnetic ionic liquid extraction solvents. Talanta 2017, 167, 268–278.
  19. Jiang, C.; Wei, S.; Li, X.; Zhao, Y.; Shao, M.; Zhang, H.; Yu, A. Ultrasonic nebulization headspace ionic liquid-based single drop microextraction of flavour compounds in fruit juices. Talanta 2013, 106, 237–242.
  20. Huang, X.; Chen, L.; Lin, F.; Yuan, D. Novel extraction approach for liquid samples stir cake sorptive extraction using monolith. J. Sep. Sci. 2011, 34, 2145–2151.
  21. He, X.; Zhang, F.; Jiang, Y. An improved ionic liquid-based headspace single-drop microextraction-liquid chromatography method for the analysis of camphor and trans-anethole in compound liquorice tablets. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2012, 50, 457–463.
  22. Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Huang, X.; Yuan, D. Preparation of stir cake sorptive extraction based on polymeric ionic liquid for the enrichment of benzimidazole anthelmintics in water, honey and milk samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 840, 33–41.
  23. Zhang, Y.; Mei, M.; Ouyang, T.; Huang, X. Talanta Preparation of a new polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent for stir cake sorptive extraction of trace antimony in environmental water samples. Talanta 2016, 161, 377–383.
  24. Chen, L.; Huang, X. Analytica Chimica Acta Preparation of a polymeric ionic liquid-based adsorbent for stir cake sorptive extraction of preservatives in orange juices and tea drinks. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 916, 33–41.
  25. Chen, L.; Mei, M.; Huang, X.; Yuan, D. Talanta Sensitive determination of estrogens in environmental waters treated with polymeric ionic liquid-based stir cake sorptive extraction and liquid chromatographic analysis. Talanta 2016, 152, 98–104.
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Maria Kissoudi
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