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Topic Review
Steelhead Trout
Steelhead Trout is a name given to the anadromous form of the coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus. m. irideus) or redband trout (O. m. gairdneri). The steelhead are native to freshwater and ocean environments across North America, but have been introduced to every other continent except Antarctica. Steelhead use aquatic obstructions like vegetation, boulders, and fallen trees as protection. Steelhead migrate to spawn during the summer months and the winter months.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor dysfunctions to psychobehavioral manifestations. A common clinical course is the proteinopathy-induced neural dysfunction leading to anatomically corresponding neuropathies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
HIV Test
HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in serum, plasma, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect HIV antibodies, antigens, or RNA. In the United States, a number of HIV test kits have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for diagnosis, prognostic determination, patient monitoring, and screening of blood and tissue donors. The specific tests used may vary from country to country. As of 2006, the standard HIV tests used in the U.S. are extremely accurate.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Prevention of Heat-Related Illness
Hyperthermia is an internal body temperature increase above 40.5 °C; normally internal body temperature is kept constant through natural homeostatic mechanisms. Heat-related illnesses occur due to exposure to high environmental temperatures in conditions in which an organism is unable to maintain adequate homeostasis. This can happen, for example, when the organism is unable to dissipate heat adequately. Heat dissipation occurs through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat disease exhibits a continuum of signs and symptoms ranging from minor to major clinical pictures. Minor clinical pictures include cramps, syncope, edema, tetany, and exhaustion. Major clinical pictures include heatstroke and life-threatening heat stroke and typically are expressed in the presence of an extremely high body temperature. There are also some categories of people at greater risk of developing these diseases, due to exposure in particular geographic areas (e.g., hot humid environments), to unchangeable predisposing conditions (e.g., advanced age, young age (i.e., children), diabetes, skin disease with reduced sweating), to modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcoholism, excessive exercise, infections), to partially modifiable risk factors (obesity), to certain types of professional activity (e.g., athletes, military personnel, and outdoor laborers) or to the effects of drug treatment (e.g., beta-blockers, anticholinergics, diuretics). Heat-related illness is largely preventable. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Periodontal Abscess
A periodontal abscess (also termed lateral abscess, or parietal abscess), is a localized collection of pus (i.e. an abscess) within the tissues of the periodontium. It is a type of dental abscess. A periodontal abscess occurs alongside a tooth, and is different from the more common periapical abscess, which represents the spread of infection from a dead tooth (i.e. which has undergone pulpal necrosis). To reflect this, sometimes the term "lateral (periodontal) abscess" is used. In contrast to a periapical abscess, periodontal abscesses are usually associated with a vital (living) tooth. Abscesses of the periodontium are acute bacterial infections classified primarily by location.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc
The Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc system is a tectonic-plate convergent boundary. The IBM arc system extends over 2800 km south from Tokyo, Japan , to beyond Guam, and includes the Izu Islands, Bonin Islands, and Mariana Islands; much more of the IBM arc system is submerged below sealevel. The IBM arc system lies along the eastern margin of the Philippine Sea Plate in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is most famous for being the site of the deepest gash in Earth's solid surface, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The IBM arc system formed as a result of subduction of the western Pacific plate. The IBM arc system now subducts mid-Jurassic to Early Cretaceous lithosphere, with younger lithosphere in the north and older lithosphere in the south, including the oldest (~170 million years old, or Ma) oceanic crust. Subduction rates vary from ~2 cm (1 inch) per year in the south to 6 cm (~2.5 inches) in the north. The volcanic islands that comprise these island arcs are thought to have been formed from the release of volatiles (steam from trapped water, and other gases) being released from the subducted plate, as it reached sufficient depth for the temperature to cause release of these materials. The associated trenches are formed as the oldest (most western) part of the Pacific plate crust increases in density with age, and because of this process finally reaches its lowest point just as it subducts under the crust to the west of it. The IBM arc system is an excellent example of an intra-oceanic convergent margin (IOCM). IOCMs are built on oceanic crust and contrast fundamentally with island arc built on continental crust, such as Japan or the Andes. Because IOCM crust is thinner, denser, and more refractory than that beneath Andean-type margins, study of IOCM melts and fluids allows more confident assessment of mantle-to-crust fluxes and processes than is possible for Andean-type convergent margins. Because IOCMs are far removed from continents they are not affected by the large volume of alluvial and glacial sediments. The consequent thin sedimentary cover makes it much easier to study arc infrastructure and determine the mass and composition of subducted sediments. Active hydrothermal systems found on the submarine parts of IOCMs give us a chance to study how many of earth's important ore deposits formed.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Methods Used to Study Memory
The study of memory incorporates research methodologies from neuropsychology, human development and animal testing using a wide range of species. The complex phenomenon of memory is explored by combining evidence from many areas of research. New technologies, experimental methods and animal experimentation have led to an increased understanding of the workings of memory.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mir EO-28
Soyuz TM-30 (Russian: Союз ТМ-30, Union TM-30), also known as Mir EO-28, was a Soyuz mission, the 39th and final human spaceflight to the Mir space station. The crew of the mission was sent by MirCorp, a privately funded company, to reactivate and repair the station. The crew also resupplied the station and boosted the station to an orbit with a low point (perigee) of 360 and a high point (apogee) of 378 kilometers (223 and 235 miles, respectively); the boost in the station's orbit was done by utilizing the engines of the Progress M1-1 and M1-2 spacecraft. At that time a transit between Mir and the International Space Station was already impossible - such a transfer was deemed undesired by NASA - and the orbital plane of ISS had been chosen some time before to be around 120 degrees away from that of Mir. The mission was the first privately funded mission to a space station. The mission was part of an effort by MirCorp to refurbish and privatize the aging Mir space station, which was nearing the end of its operational life. Further commercially funded missions beyond Soyuz TM-30 were originally planned to continue the restoration efforts of the then 14-year-old space station, but insufficient funding and investment ultimately led to the de-orbit of the station in early 2001.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functional Polymeric Biomaterials Prepared by RIGC
Functional polymeric biomaterials (FPBMs) represent the most popular usage of natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymeric materials interacting with biological regimes and are used to protect against microbes and regenerate, repair, and treat any type of tissue in the organs, or improve the functions of the human body. FPBMs with bioactive characteristics obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerisation (RIGC) have been subjected to intensive research and developed into many commercial products. Various studies have reported the development of a variety of radiation-grafted FPBMs.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Major Types of Non-Coding RNAs
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) encompass all RNAs that are not translated into proteins. They are classified by features such as length and structure, and include microRNAs (miRs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs).
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Survivin Small Molecules Inhibitors
Survivin, as a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family, acts as a suppressor of apoptosis and plays a central role in cell division. Survivin has been considered as an important cancer drug target because it is highly expressed in many types of human cancers, while it is effectively absent from terminally differentiated normal tissues. Moreover, survivin is involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Involvement of GSTs in Mammalian Chemoperception
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous key enzymes with different activities as transferases or isomerases. As key detoxifying enzymes, GSTs are expressed in the chemosensory organs. They fulfill an essential protective role because the chemosensory organs are located in the main entry paths of exogenous compounds within the body. In addition to this protective function, they modulate the perception process by metabolizing exogenous molecules, including tastants and odorants.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease that occurs predominantly in the older population. It is the most common cause of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and was previously thought to be a rare disease, however, there is an increasing trend in incidence and prevalence rate globally.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of Mobile Learning in Education
Due to the considerable technological breakthroughs in the education sector, new tools have been developed to improve learning. Motivating students to use new devices for learning rather than just for amusement, however, is a difficulty. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the adoption of technological devices for course delivery, thereby highlighting the significance of mobile learning (m-learning) and allowing educators, students, and other stakeholders in the education sector to recognize its potential, advantages, drawbacks, and challenges. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effect of News Signals on Daily Stock Market
The stock market is often seen as a barometer of a country’s economic health, with stock prices fluctuating based on a range of economic, financial, political, and global factors. In order to understand how these factors, impact stock market volatility, it is necessary to consider the influence of daily news signals and events. This is particularly important in the context of developing countries, where stock markets are often more volatile and susceptible to sudden changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Federated Few-Shot Learning-Based Machinery Fault Diagnosis
Researchers present a novel federated few-shot learning-based machinery fault-diagnosis scheme, named FedCDAE-MN, which utilizes a combination of convolutional denoising auto-encoder and feature-space metric learning across multiple domains.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wildlife Detection with Drones
With the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss, wild animals are facing unprecedented threats to their survival. For instance, rising temperatures, increased extreme weather events, and rising sea levels all pose threats to the survival of wildlife. The global urbanization and agricultural expansion have led to large-scale habitat destruction and loss. This has deprived many wild animals of places to live and breed. Moreover, the decline of biodiversity has also exacerbated human concerns about environmental sustainability. As a result, the issue of wildlife conservation has received extensive international attention. In this context, governments and international organizations have taken various initiatives in an attempt to curb the decline of wildlife populations and to improve the efficiency of conservation through the use of scientific and technological means. Drones are widely used for wildlife monitoring. Deep learning algorithms are key to the success of monitoring wildlife with drones, although they face the problem of detecting small targets.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fruit Juice and Wine Adulterant Detection and Authentication
Fruit juice and wine are important beverages that are consumed all over the world. Due to their constantly increasing demand and high value, fruit juice and wine are one of the most frequent targets of adulteration. Since adulterated foods are proven to have harmful effects on health, several approaches have been utilized for the detection of fruit juice and wine adulteration.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bisphosphonates’ Impact on Dental Procedures
Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat osteoporosis and malignant tumors due to their effectiveness in increasing bone density and inhibiting bone resorption. Dental patients receiving bisphosphonate treatment are at higher risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ), necessitating dentists’ awareness of these risks. Topical bisphosphonate applications enhance dental implant success, by promoting osseointegration and preventing osteoclast apoptosis, and is effective in periodontal treatment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physical Hydrogen Storage Materials
Hydrogen is a future energy carrier in the global energy system and has the potential to produce zero carbon emissions. For the non-fossil energy sources, hydrogen and electricity are considered the dominant energy carriers for providing end-user services, because they can satisfy most of the consumer requirements. Hence, the development of both hydrogen production and storage is necessary to meet the standards of a “hydrogen economy”. The physical and chemical absorption of hydrogen in solid storage materials is a promising hydrogen storage method because of the high storage and transportation performance.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Apr 2024
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