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Topic Review
Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication
Optical wireless communication (OWC) has been considered as a practical wireless communication technology due to the reuse of existing camera-based receivers that are widely readily in smart devices. This flexibility of the camera-based receivers has led to OCC being applied in diverse fields, such as intelligent transportation systems, indoor localization and navigation, underwater communication, and IoT connectivity.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Copolymer-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
The highest energy conversion efficiencies are typically shown by lead-containing piezoelectric materials, but the harmful environmental impacts of lead and its toxicity limit future use. At the bulk scale, lead-based piezoelectric materials have significantly higher piezoelectric properties when compared to lead-free piezoelectric materials. However, at the nanoscale, the piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric material can be significantly larger than the bulk scale. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chloride Channels and Transporters in Cancers
The canonical roles of chloride channels and chloride-associated transporters have been physiologically determined; these roles include the maintenance of membrane potential, pH balance, and volume regulation and subsequent cellular functions such as autophagy and cellular proliferative processes. Although complicated ion movements, crosstalk among channels/transporters through homeostatic electric regulation, difficulties with experimental implementation such as activity measurement of intracellular location were disturbed to verify the precise modulation of channels/transporters, recently defined cancerous function and communication with tumor microenvironment of chloride channels/transporters should be highlighted beyond classical homeostatic ion balance.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococci
Staphylococci are present in the microbiota of both humans and animal species, being recognized as the most important opportunistic pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health issue presenting a significant risk because it severely limits treatment options. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci (MRS) poses a specific problem as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Role of Enhancer RNAs in Cancer
Enhancers are distal cis-acting elements that are commonly recognized to regulate gene expression via cooperation with promoters. Along with regulating gene expression, enhancers can be transcribed and generate a class of non-coding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs).
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Advanced and Invasive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques
Despite numerous promising innovations, the chance of survival from sudden cardiac arrest has remained virtually unchanged. Technological advances have been made, user-friendly portable devices have been developed, and advanced invasive procedures have been described that could improve this unsatisfactory situation. Technical aids, such as feedback systems or automated mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) devices, can improve chest compression quality. The latter, as well as extracorporeal CPR, might serve as a bridge to treatment (with extracorporeal CPR even as a bridge to recovery). Sonography may be used to improve thoracic compressions on the one hand and to rule out potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest on the other. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta might enhance myocardial and cerebral perfusion. Minithoracostomy, pericardiocentesis, or clamshell thoracotomy might resolve reversible causes of cardiac arrest. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biodegradable Materials for Tissue Engineering
The growing importance of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering (TE) reflects the fact that bone metabolic and related diseases represent approximately 50% of all chronic diseases for people above the age of fifty. In addition, mechanical damage of bone often occurs because of an accident, required surgery and so forth. Bone defects or bone injuries caused by aging, traffic accidents, fractures, or bone tumor resection are among the serious problems in orthopedics because they cause major damage to health and lower the quality of life.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Women’s Empowerment, Food Security, Nutrition Transition in Africa
Despite mounting recognition of the essential role of women’s empowerment in household dietary and nutrition changes, the diversity of culture across African countries presents ambiguity as to whether its impact is experienced homogeneously across the continent. With their prominent role in the kitchen and household food preparation, women offer an important avenue for addressing several challenges in relation to the food subsector. Empowering them with the necessary capabilities can lead to changes in various aspects of households’ dietary patterns. Studies of Africa indicate that empowering women through physical capital, economic agency, and sociocultural factors can have a positive influence on either food security, diet improvements or the enrichment of diet-related health. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Disclosure of Nonfinancial Information
Services in the financial sector are developing rapidly and are not necessarily provided only by traditional banks and financial companies. Many nonfinancial companies provide financial services, and this may open the sector to additional risk. In this context, the aspects of both financial and nonfinancial reporting are important and need to be taken into consideration as a whole to provide a complex picture of a particular institution.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Platform for monitoring arboviruses
As part of SDG, the members of the UN aim to end epidemics of neglected tropical diseases by 2030. These include wide range communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions. These diseases are present in over 149 countries worldwide and are a significant burden on health systems and economies. One major category of neglected tropical disease are arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses including West Nile virus, yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Arboviruses spread rapidly and as they present very similar symptoms, it is hard to diagnose and select the best treatment. The use of machine learning for the diagnosis and prognosis of these diseases has become increasingly common however there is a paucity of research on deep learning and associated decision support platforms for frontline staff. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Björnstad Syndrome
Björnstad syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal hair and hearing problems. Affected individuals have a condition known as pili torti, which means "twisted hair," so named because the strands appear twisted when viewed under a microscope. The hair is brittle and breaks easily, leading to short hair that grows slowly. In Björnstad syndrome, pili torti usually affects only the hair on the head; eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair on other parts of the body are normal. The proportion of hairs affected and the severity of brittleness and breakage can vary. This hair abnormality commonly begins before the age of 2. It may become milder with age, particularly after puberty.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
New Genetic Screening Technologies (NIPT)
The search for prenatal detection of chromosomal anomalies has been ongoing since the 1960s. At the very beginning, maternal age was the screening parameter of choice, and Down syndrome the anomaly that was almost exclusively screened for. Since then things have, at least technically, changed enormously, even though Down syndrome is still the main focus of screening and in the minds of many patients the only diagnosis that they may confront. Structural chromosomal anomalies and monogenic diseases are still not focused on by current screening algorithms, nor by the education system or by society in general. With the clinical implementation of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in 2012, there has been a paradigm shift in prenatal screening. First trimester combined screening (FTCS) based on maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and the serum markers β-HCG and PAPP-A has a detection rate (DR) of 90–95%, a false positive rate of 2.5–5% and a PPV of 3.4 for the detection of trisomy 21. Included is the advantage that, if the results are abnormal, it could raise suspicion not only for the common trisomies, but also for early detectable fetal structural defects and other clinically relevant findings such as rare autosomal trisomies (RATs), triploidy, single gene disorders and copy number variants not detectable in a targeted NIPT approach. A disadvantage is the comparatively high false positive rate leading to invasive procedures.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Molecular Mechanism
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Among arousal from sleep, increased thoracic pressure and enhanced sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxia is now considered as one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, not much is known about blood components, which justifies the current review.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Annexins and Membrane Repair Dysfunctions
Muscular dystrophies constitute a group of genetic disorders that cause weakness and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass. Among them, Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1 (MMD1), limb girdle muscular dystrophy type R2 (LGMDR2/2B), and LGMDR12 (2L) are characterized by mutation in gene encoding key membrane-repair protein, which leads to severe dysfunctions in sarcolemma repair. Cell membrane disruption is a physiological event induced by mechanical stress, such as muscle contraction and stretching. Like many eukaryotic cells, muscle fibers possess a protein machinery ensuring fast resealing of damaged plasma membrane. Members of the annexins A (ANXA) family belong to this protein machinery. ANXA are small soluble proteins, twelve in number in humans, which share the property of binding to membranes exposing negatively-charged phospholipids in the presence of calcium (Ca2+). Many ANXA have been reported to participate in membrane repair of varied cell types and species, including human skeletal muscle cells in which they may play a collective role in protection and repair of the sarcolemma. Here, we discuss the participation of ANXA in membrane repair of healthy skeletal muscle cells and how dysregulation of ANXA expression may impact the clinical severity of muscular dystrophies.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Heterogeneity of Cancer Cells
It has been long recognized that cancer cells reprogram their metabolism under hypoxia conditions due to a shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis in order to meet elevated requirements in energy and nutrients for proliferation, migration, and survival. However, data accumulated over recent years has increasingly provided evidence that cancer cells can revert from glycolysis to OXPHOS and maintain both reprogrammed and oxidative metabolism, even in the same tumor. This phenomenon, denoted as cancer cell metabolic plasticity or hybrid metabolism, depends on a tumor micro-environment that is highly heterogeneous and influenced by an intensity of vasculature and blood flow, oxygen concentration, and nutrient and energy supply, and requires regulatory interplay between multiple oncogenes, transcription factors, growth factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), among others. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are key modulators of the switch between reprogrammed and oxidative metabolism. Our review focuses on cross-talks between HIF-1, glucose transporters (GLUTs), and AMPK, and other regulatory proteins including oncogenes such as c-Myc, p53, and KRAS along with growth factor-initiated protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, phosphatidyl-3-kinase (PI3K), and mTOR signaling pathways in controlling cancer cell metabolism.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Corporate Social and Financial Performance
The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on agency problems can be explained from two perspectives. If managers use CSR activities to reduce information asymmetry between managers and shareholders, CSR activities will also alleviate the agency problem between managers and shareholders. Therefore, the interests between managers and shareholders will align in firms where the agency problem is low, and the manager’s efforts on CSR will increase corporate financial performance (CFP). On the other hand, if managers use CSR activities as an opportunistic tool to promote information asymmetry, CSR activities will intensify the agency problem. The interests between managers and shareholders are conflicted in firms where the agency problem has deepened, and the manager’s efforts on CSR will lower CFP. Consequently, the effect of corporate social performance (CSP) on CFP will vary depending on managerial incentives to engage in CSR activities.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Circadian Clock and Liver Cancer
Circadian clocks control several homeostatic processes in mammals through internal molecular mechanisms. Chronic perturbation of circadian rhythms is associated with metabolic diseases and increased cancer risk, including liver cancer. The hepatic physiology follows a daily rhythm, driven by clock genes that control the expression of several proteins involved in distinct metabolic pathways. Alteration of the liver clock results in metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and impaired glucose metabolism, that can trigger the activation of oncogenic pathways, inducing spontaneous hepatocarcinoma (HCC). The study of oncogenic changes related to alterations of liver clock provides new potentially useful targets for prevention and management of HCC.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oscillatory Properties of Noncanonical Neutral DDEs of Second-Order
A DDE is a single-variable differential equation, usually called time, in which the derivative of the solution at a certain time is given in terms of the values of the solution at earlier times. Moreover, if the highest-order derivative of the solution appears both with and without delay, then the DDE is called of the neutral type. The neutral DDEs have many interesting applications in various branches of applied science, as these equations appear in the modeling of many technological phenomena. The problem of studying the oscillatory and nonoscillatory properties of DDEs has been a very active area of research in the past few decades.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Tumor Microenvironment
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are cells with a self-renewal ability and capacity to initiate tumors upon serial transplantation that have been linked to tumor cell heterogeneity. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, causing the recurrence of the disease. GSCs could represent one reason for the low efficacy of cancer therapy and for the short relapse time. Nonetheless, experimental data suggest that the presence of therapy‐resistant GSCs could explain tumor recurrence. Therefore, to effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their biology and the survival and developing mechanisms during treatment is mandatory. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
In Vivo Calcium Imaging under General Anesthesia
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Calcium ions are popular targets used to detect neuronal activities that link circuit dynamics to behaviors in modern neuroscience research.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
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