Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Pinpin Zhang
 -- 1156 2023-08-18 05:33:23 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 1156 2023-08-18 07:32:46 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Zhang, P.; Liu, Z.; Hu, X.; Sun, Y.; Deng, X.; Zhu, B.; Yang, Y. Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48206 (accessed on 08 July 2024).
Zhang P, Liu Z, Hu X, Sun Y, Deng X, Zhu B, et al. Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48206. Accessed July 08, 2024.
Zhang, Pinpin, Ziwei Liu, Xin Hu, Yimao Sun, Xiong Deng, Binbin Zhu, Yanbing Yang. "Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48206 (accessed July 08, 2024).
Zhang, P., Liu, Z., Hu, X., Sun, Y., Deng, X., Zhu, B., & Yang, Y. (2023, August 18). Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48206
Zhang, Pinpin, et al. "Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication." Encyclopedia. Web. 18 August, 2023.
Potential Applications of Optical Camera Communication
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/photonics10060608

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has been considered as a practical wireless communication technology due to the reuse of existing camera-based receivers that are widely readily in smart devices. This flexibility of the camera-based receivers has led to OCC being applied in diverse fields, such as intelligent transportation systems, indoor localization and navigation, underwater communication, and IoT connectivity.

wireless communication visible light communication (VLC) optical camera communication (OCC)

1. OCC-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems

The current outdoor environment features a significant amount of LED infrastructure, and most vehicles are equipped with integrated cameras, making OCC a highly attractive communication technology. LEDs have the characteristics of low power consumption and shorter response time. The spatial separation capability of the image sensor incorporated in the camera offers significant immunity from interference. The aforementioned features are crucial for vehicular communication, rendering OCC substantially more advantageous than other OWC technologies. As shown in Figure 1, the infrastructure located alongside roads, such as traffic signals, nearby vehicle headlights, brake lights, and streetlights, sends data that is received by the image sensors installed on the vehicles [1][2]. Thus, OCC-based intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) enable vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V), and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.
Figure 1. Building blocks of a generic ITSs system [2].
In OCC-based ITSs, the data transmitted through LEDs encompasses parameters such as the vehicle’s longitude, latitude, and safety-related information. Moreover, driving assistance data can be communicated from one vehicle to another in order to enhance safety and the driving experience. In recent years, vehicle OCC systems have shown tremendous promise for enhancing the effectiveness and security of surface traffic. Therefore, OCC-based ITS has sparked the interest of the research community and the industry [3][4][5]. For example, in 2014, P. Ji et al. investigated the possibility of using existing LED lights in a vehicle or a traffic light and the camera of a smartphone to carry out Vehicular VLC (V2LC) [3]. In the identical year, Z. Cui et al. took the first look at the channel fading of a V2LC link caused by vehicle mobility [4]. In 2023, K. Xu et al. unveiled its latest project, the NeuromorphicVLC. This prototype is equipped with neuromorphic cameras that aim at vehicular communication and networking [5]. These above studies have contributed to the advancement of its implementation in practical applications.

2. OCC-Based Indoor Positioning Systems

With the popularity of LED lighting technology and the rapid development of high-resolution CMOS sensor, OCC-based indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have ushered in vigorous development and broad prospects [6]. In OCC-based IPSs, multiple LEDs transmit their identifiers or coordinate information. At the receiver, the camera is used to decode that information and determine its position and orientation relative to the LEDs [7]. Compared to other indoor positioning systems that utilize RF, such as RF identification (RFID), wireless local area network (WiFi), and Bluetooth positioning technologies, indoor positioning systems based on visible light present several advantages [8]. These include a high level of accuracy in positioning, immunity to electromagnetic interference, low-cost front ends, and the capability to perform positioning and illumination tasks simultaneously. In particular, the positioning accuracy of OCC-based IPSs is within the centimeter range [9][10], which is superior to RF-based positioning technology.
In recent years, the integration of OCC into indoor positioning technologies has been extensively researched [9][10][11][12][13][14]. For example, Y. Li et al. presented a real-time OCC-IPSs that employs a novel non-iterative perspective-n-point algorithm to estimate the camera position [9]. B. Lin et al. experimentally demonstrated a VLC-IPS based on a commercial camera, which can provide error-free data transmission and reasonable positioning errors for a height of 180 cm [11]. X. Liu et al. designed and implemented an indoor visible light localization system under dimmable LEDs, which can handle the blurring effects and use only two LEDs for positioning [12]. A study conducted by H. Song et al. introduced a decoding scheme that is both versatile and efficient, as it can be utilized not only in OCC-based VLP but also in other communication domains to enhance decoding performance [13]. B. Hussain designed an IPS based on pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) that uses VLP for pedestrian step length estimation and heading angle calibration, while addressing the device heterogeneity and user diversity challenges of PDR [14].

3. OCC-Based Underwater Communication

Underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC) have gradually attracted considerable attention as an alternative technology to conventional acoustic communication [15][16]. This can be attributed to the unique and remarkable advantages of UWOC technology, including its available bandwidth and the feasibility of utilizing COTS devices like LED lighting lamps. The Underwater Optical Camera Communication (UWOCC) system, as a subsystem of UWOC, has sparked the research interest of researchers by using LEDs as transmitters and the embedded CMOS camera of smart devices as receivers for underwater communication [17][18]. During the past years, researchers have explored UWOCC through theoretical and experimental studies [17][18][19][20]. For example, M. Akram et al. proposed a MIMO OCC-based underwater wireless link and provided a comprehensive framework of its design and implementation techniques [17]. Z. Zhou et al. introduced a de-bubble algorithm and binary fringe correction to enhance the robustness of the UOCC system in the presence of air bubbles. This approach enables the UOCC system to achieve a data rate of 7.2 kbit/s [19]. A. Shigenawa et al. suggested a predictive equalization technique for UWOCC to eliminate the effect of the attenuation of light intensity in underwater environments [20].

4. OCC-Based IoT Connectivity

The Internet of Things, commonly referred to as IoT, represents the network of physical devices and sensors within smart environments. This interconnectivity enables objects to communicate and exchange data between themselves. Nowadays, IoT has demonstrated its tremendous potential by providing the ability for billions of connections of devices around the world. The IoT paradigm opens the door to innovations, enabling the realization of smart cities, infrastructures, and services to enhance the quality of life and improve the utilization of resources [21][22]. As a particular type of OWC, OCC with a huge frequency spectrum integrated with IoT can offer extensive possibilities for indoor and outdoor applications in future smart environments like smart cities, smart homes, smart farming, and smart factories, as shown in Figure 2.
Within an IoT network, the use of cameras in OCC systems enables the efficient acquisition and monitoring of data emanating from diverse devices and sensors. After receiving data from multiple devices, the OCC system will process the information and transmit it to a gateway using either a wired or wireless network. The data will be forwarded to backhaul networks, such as 5G or satellite networks, which will then be stored in a server or the cloud to enable IoT-based applications. In 2017, P. Chavez-Burbano et al. proposed a long-distance OCC system for relatively slow data rate applications in smart cities [23]. In 2019, M. Chowdhury et al. published a review that clearly described how OWC technologies will be an effective solution for the successful deployment of IoT systems [24]. In 2020, N. Van et al. presented an analysis of the prospective progress of OCC-based IoT networks [25]. The implementation of OCC technology can enable a wide range of IoT network applications.
Figure 2. OCC–IoT-based smart farming [26].

References

  1. Hasan, M.K.; Ali, M.O.; Rahman, M.H.; Chowdhury, M.Z.; Jang, Y.M. Optical camera communication in vehicular applications: A review. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2021, 23, 6260–6281.
  2. Memedi, A.; Dressler, F. Vehicular visible light communications: A survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2020, 23, 161–181.
  3. Ji, P.; Tsai, H.M.; Wang, C.; Liu, F. Vehicular visible light communications with LED taillight and rolling shutter camera. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 18–21 May 2014; pp. 1–6.
  4. Cui, Z.; Wang, C.; Tsai, H.M. Characterizing channel fading in vehicular visible light communications with video data. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Paderborn, Germany, 3–5 December 2014; pp. 226–229.
  5. Xu, K.; Zhou, K.; Zhu, C.; Zhang, S.; Shi, B.; Li, X.; Huang, T.; Xu, C. When Visible Light (Backscatter) Communication Meets Neuromorphic Cameras in V2X. In Proceedings of the 24th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Newport Beach, CA, USA, 22–23 February 2023; pp. 42–48.
  6. Yang, H.; Zhong, W.D.; Chen, C.; Alphones, A. Integration of visible light communication and positioning within 5G networks for internet of things. IEEE Netw. 2020, 34, 134–140.
  7. Saha, N.; Ifthekhar, M.S.; Le, N.T.; Jang, Y.M. Survey on optical camera communications: Challenges and opportunities. IET Optoelectron. 2015, 9, 172–183.
  8. Lin, P.; Hu, X.; Ruan, Y.; Li, H.; Fang, J.; Zhong, Y.; Zheng, H.; Fang, J.; Jiang, Z.L.; Chen, Z. Real-time visible light positioning supporting fast moving speed. Opt. Express 2020, 28, 14503–14510.
  9. Li, Y.; Ghassemlooy, Z.; Tang, X.; Lin, B.; Zhang, Y. A VLC smartphone camera based indoor positioning system. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2018, 30, 1171–1174.
  10. Xu, J.; Gong, C.; Xu, Z. Experimental indoor visible light positioning systems with centimeter accuracy based on a commercial smartphone camera. IEEE Photonics J. 2018, 10, 1–17.
  11. Lin, B.; Ghassemlooy, Z.; Lin, C.; Tang, X.; Li, Y.; Zhang, S. An indoor visible light positioning system based on optical camera communications. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2017, 29, 579–582.
  12. Liu, X.; Wei, X.; Guo, L. DIMLOC: Enabling high-precision visible light localization under dimmable LEDs in smart buildings. IEEE Internet Things J. 2019, 6, 3912–3924.
  13. Song, H.; Wen, S.; Yang, C.; Yuan, D.; Guan, W. Universal and effective decoding scheme for visible light positioning based on optical camera communication. Electronics 2021, 10, 1925.
  14. Hussain, B.; Wang, Y.; Chen, R.; Cheng, H.C.; Yue, C.P. Lidr: Visible-light-communication-assisted dead reckoning for accurate indoor localization. IEEE Internet Things J. 2022, 9, 15742–15755.
  15. Chen, Y.; Kong, M.; Ali, T.; Wang, J.; Sarwar, R.; Han, J.; Guo, C.; Sun, B.; Deng, N.; Xu, J. 26 m/5.5 Gbps air-water optical wireless communication based on an OFDM-modulated 520-nm laser diode. Opt. Express 2017, 25, 14760–14765.
  16. Tang, S.; Dong, Y.; Zhang, X. Impulse response modeling for underwater wireless optical communication links. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2013, 62, 226–234.
  17. Akram, M.; Godaliyadda, R.; Ekanayake, P. Design and analysis of an optical camera communication system for underwater applications. IET Optoelectron. 2020, 14, 10–21.
  18. Majlesein, B.; Rufo, J.; Moreno, D.; Guerra, V.; Rabadan, J. Underwater optical camera communications based on a multispectral camera and spectral variations of the LED emission. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Light Up the IoT, Online, 21–25 September 2020; pp. 30–35.
  19. Zhou, Z.; Wen, S.; Li, Y.; Xu, W.; Chen, Z.; Guan, W. Performance enhancement scheme for RSE-based underwater optical camera communication using de-bubble algorithm and binary fringe correction. Electronics 2021, 10, 950.
  20. Shigenawa, A.; Onodera, Y.; Takeshita, E.; Hisano, D.; Maruta, K.; Nakayama, Y. Predictive Equalization for Underwater Optical Camera Communication. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Spring), Helsinki, Finland, 19–22 June 2022; pp. 1–5.
  21. Teli, S.R.; Zvanovec, S.; Ghassemlooy, Z. Optical internet of things within 5G: Applications and challenges. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS), Bali, Indonesia, 1–3 November 2018; pp. 40–45.
  22. Vaezi, M.; Azari, A.; Khosravirad, S.R.; Shirvanimoghaddam, M.; Azari, M.M.; Chasaki, D.; Popovski, P. Cellular, wide-area, and non-terrestrial IoT: A survey on 5G advances and the road toward 6G. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2022, 24, 1117–1174.
  23. Chavez-Burbano, P.; Guerra, V.; Rabadan, J.; Perez-Jimenez, R. Optical camera communication for smart cities. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC Workshops), Qingdao, China, 22–24 October 2017; pp. 1–4.
  24. Chowdhury, M.Z.; Shahjalal, M.; Hasan, M.K.; Jang, Y.M. The role of optical wireless communication technologies in 5G/6G and IoT solutions: Prospects, directions, and challenges. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 4367.
  25. Van Hoa, N.; Nguyen, H.; Nguyen, C.H.; Jang, Y.M. OCC Technology-based Developing IoT Network. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Republic of Korea, 21–23 October 2020; pp. 670–673.
  26. Celik, A.; Romdhane, I.; Kaddoum, G.; Eltawil, A.M. A top-down survey on optical wireless communications for the internet of things. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2022, 25, 1–45.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Pinpin Zhang
,
Ziwei Liu
,
Xin Hu
,
Yimao Sun
,
Xiong Deng
,
Binbin Zhu
,
Yanbing Yang
View Times: 319
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 18 Aug 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback