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Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spread
SARS-CoV-2 spreads through close contact, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, emergency lockdowns have been implemented worldwide to avoid its spread. As of 27 March 2022, the β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 487 million individuals worldwide, causing more than 6.14 million deaths. SARS-CoV-2 spreads through close contact, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, emergency lockdowns have been implemented worldwide to avoid its spread. COVID-19 is not the first infectious disease that humankind has had to face during its history. Indeed, humans have recurrently been threatened by several emerging pathogens that killed a substantial fraction of the population. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Insight and Background of a Blockchain-based IoT economy
In the IoT-based economy, a large number of subjects (companies, public bodies, or private citizens) are willing to buy data or services offered by subjects that provide, operate, or host IoT devices. To support economic transactions in this setting, and to pave the way for the implementation of decentralized algorithmic governance powered by smart contracts, the adoption of the blockchain has been proposed both in scientific literature and in actual projects. The blockchain technology promises a decentralized payment system independent of (and possibly cheaper than) conventional electronic payment systems. However, there are a number of aspects that need to be considered for an effective IoT–blockchain integration. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Underground Plastic Recharge Chambers in Stormwater Management
Land development typically requires stormwater control measures (SCMs) to limit runoff volume, reduce peak flow, delay discharge to streams, and reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters, with the ideal goal of mimicking the natural hydrologic system. Life cycle assessment is used to systematically evaluate the environmental impact of underground plastic recharge chambers (RCs) used for stormwater management.  Using cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment and a functional unit of 1 m3 stormwater capacity, different RC structure types, manufacturing processes and materials are considered. The inventory is based on various commercially available RCs, including injection-molded or extruded polypropylene and polyvinylchloride polymers and typical installation materials and methods. A new dataset is developed to estimate the manufacture and use of recycled polypropylene granulate. TRACI 2.1 is used to investigate the midpoint life cycle impact assessment metrics, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, and fossil fuel resources. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Light-Emitting Diode versus High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Efficiency
Road lighting is essential to ensure the safety and comfort of its users, especially in preventing accidents and aiding visual tasks. The monumental shift from conventional road lighting technology to light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is driven by energy efficiency, associated cost savings, and environmental concerns in the road lighting system.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Herpesvirus
Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses occurring at a high prevalence in the human population and are responsible for a wide array of clinical manifestations and diseases, from mild to severe. These viruses are classified in three subfamilies (Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae), with eight members known to infect humans.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HPV E5, E6 and E7 in Apoptosis Evasion
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the dividing cells of human epithelia and hijack the cellular replication machinery to ensure their own propagation. In the effort to adapt the cell to suit their own reproductive needs, the virus changes a number of processes, amongst which is the ability of the cell to undergo programmed cell death. Viral infections, forced cell divisions and mutations, which accumulate as a result of uncontrolled proliferation, all trigger one of several cell death pathways. The mechanisms employed by HPVs is examined to ensure the survival of infected cells manipulated into cell cycle progression and proliferation.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Soluble/Instant Espresso Coffee Selection/Reselection Intention
Soluble or instant espresso coffee in capsules with added values is a product that is increasingly recognized as a healthy lifestyle habit, which often goes together with the expansion of spa centers and spa hotels. Defining the factors that influence instant espresso coffee reselection can help to understand influences on certain consumer behaviors and improve sustainability on the market.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
No Postage Necessary
"No Postage Necessary” is a 2018 American romantic comedy independent film written and directed by Jeremy Culver as his second narrative feature and starring George Blagden, Charleene Closshey, Robbie Kay, Stelio Savante, with Michael Beach and Raymond J. Barry. The film integrates current political happenings—including the Silk Road (online marketplace) (referred to "The Spice Trail" in the film's script), hacktivism, and cyberterrorism—into a dramedy set in Plant City, FL. Principal photography began in Plant City, FL in August 2016 filming on 35mm film. The film initially premiered on October 14, 2017 as an Official Selection of the Heartland Film Festival. The shortened and final version later premiered on June 28, 2018 at the Tampa Theatre in Hillsborough County, Florida where the movie was filmed exclusively. It released in theaters in ten markets across the United States on July 6, 2018 by Two Roads Picture Co. as well as on the decentralized application Vevue, making history as the first film to ever release via blockchain technology and available to stream using cryptocurrency as payment. The film’s script is now part of the Core Collection of the Margaret Herrick Library at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. No Postage Necessary received mixed reviews, with praise for its heartfelt performances, music, production values, and ending that is “satisfying without artifice”, but criticism suggesting it relies too heavily on its unique distribution strategy as its "hook”.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
New Topical Agents for Onychomycosis
Onychomycosis is a common nail disease caused by fungi. The primary pathogens are dermatophytes, yeasts, non-dermatophyte moulds, and mixed fungal populations may also contribute to the development of a recalcitrant condition, usually accompanied by difficulties in everyday life and severe emotional stress. Treatment failure and relapse of the infection are the most frequent problems. Resistance to antifungals, an increasing number of comorbidities, and polydrug use among the ageing population are imperatives that impose a shift to safer drugs. Topical antifungals are considered less toxic and minimally interact with other drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neutral Spine
Good posture refers to the "three natural curves [that] are present in a healthy spine". It is also called neutral spine. Looking directly at the front or back of the body, the 33 vertebrae in the spinal column should appear completely vertical. From a side view, the cervical (neck) region of the spine (C1–C7) is bent inward, the thoracic (upper back) region (T1–T12) bends outward, and the lumbar (lower back) region (L1–L5) bends inward. The sacrum (tailbone area) (S1–S5 fused) and coccyx (on average 4 fused) rest between the pelvic bones. A neutral pelvis is in fact slightly anteriorly rotated which means the anterior superior iliac spines should be just in front of the pubic symphysis not in the same vertical line.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plastic Waste Upcycling Approaches
Plastic waste pollution, including non-biodegradable landfills, leaching of toxic chemicals into soil and waterways, and emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere, is significantly affecting our environment. Conventional plastic waste recycling approaches generally produce lower-value materials compared to the original plastic or recover inefficient heat energy. Lately, upcycling or the valorization approach has emerged as a sustainable solution to transform plastic waste into value-added products.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning Technologies for a Solar Plant’s System
A solar plant system has complex nonlinear dynamics with uncertainties due to variation of the system parameters and insolation. Thereby, it is sophisticated to approximate these complex dynamics by conventional algorithms whereas Machine Learning (ML) methods yield the essential performance. ML models are key units in recent sensor systems for the solar plant’s design, forecasting, maintenance, and control to provide best safety, reliability, robustness and performance, as compared to classical methods which are usually employed in hardware and software of the solar plants. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in Rheumatic Diseases
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are reversible or irreversible chemical reactions that occur in specific amino acids (aas) of some proteins after their translation. In fact, more than 140 different aa-based structures can constitute the proteins when considering the PTMs that could modify the 20 natural aas. Several factors, such as the location of the aa within the protein’s primary sequence, will determine whether PTMs occur as well as their type and frequency. PTMs are not encoded by the cellular genome and can significantly modify protein structure and modulate functions such as folding, degradation, signaling, localization, stability, enzymatic activity and protein-protein interactions. More than 400 different types of PTMs have been described in humans occurring in several cellular organelles (nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus). They are involved in a large number of cellular events and are considered a key mechanism for the regulation of the biological activity of proteins. The latest findings about the role of PTMs in the generation of autoimmunity is discussed. Meanwhile, the most relevant PTMs in rheumatic diseases that occur in synovial tissue are discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
CD36 with Eye Diseases and Pathological Changes
Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) belongs to the B2 receptors of the scavenger receptor class B family, which is comprised of single-chain secondary transmembrane glycoproteins. It is present in a variety of cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, microvascular endothelial cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, platelets, skeletal muscle cells, kidney cells, cardiomyocytes, taste bud cells, and a variety of other cell types. CD36 can be localized on the cell surface, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomes, playing a role in lipid accumulation, oxidative stress injury, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. CD36 is expressed in a variety of ocular cells, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), retinal microvascular endothelial cells, retinal ganglion cells (RGC), Müller cells, and photoreceptor cells, playing an important role in eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Role of FA Metabolites and Inflammation during Pregnancy
Normal pregnancy relies on inflammation for implantation, placentation, and parturition, but uncontrolled inflammation can lead to poor maternal and infant outcomes. Maternal diet is one modifiable factor that can impact inflammation. Omega-3 and -6 fatty acids obtained through the diet are metabolized into bioactive compounds that effect inflammation. The downstream products of omega-3 and -6 fatty acids may influence physiology during pregnancy.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers
Chickens can acquire bacteria at different stages, and bacterial diversity can occur due to production practices, diet, and environment. The changes in consumer trends have led to increased animal production, and chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats. To ensure high levels of production, antimicrobials have been used in livestock for therapeutic purposes, disease prevention, and growth promotion, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance across the resident microbiota. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens that can develop strains capable of causing a wide range of diseases, i.e., opportunistic pathogens. Enterococcus spp. isolated from broilers have shown resistance to at least seven classes of antibiotics, while E. coli have shown resistance to at least four. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Physical Therapies in Wound Healing and Assisted Scarring
Wound healing (WH) is a complex multistep process in which a failure could lead to a chronic wound (CW). CW is a major health problem and includes leg venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. CW is difficult to treat and affects vulnerable and pluripathological patients. On the other hand, excessive scarring leads to keloids and hypertrophic scars causing disfiguration and sometimes itchiness and pain. Treatment of WH includes the cleaning and careful handling of injured tissue, early treatment and prevention of infection, and promotion of healing. Treatment of underlying conditions and the use of special dressings promote healing.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over just a few years and are already competing against other photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The PCE of hybrid PSCs exhibiting distinct properties has increased from 3.8% in 2009 to ≈30% in 2023, making it a strong contender for the next generation of PV devices. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Drone Observation for Complex Multilevel Societies
Drones made it possible to obtain the identification, accurate positioning, or movement of more than a hundred individuals in a multilevel social group. In addition, in multilevel social groups, drones facilitate the observation of heterogeneous spatial positioning patterns and mechanisms of behavioral propagation, which are different from those in a single-level group.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome–Gut–Mucosal–Immune–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and stereotyped interests. Due of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD, researchers have investigated the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to its aetiology. The relationship between the microbiome, gut, and brain (microbiome–gut–brain axis) has been acknowledged as a key factor in modulating brain function and social behaviour, but its connection to the aetiology of ASD is not well understood.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
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