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Topic Review
Map Symbolization
Map symbolization is the characters, letters, or similar graphic representations used on a map to indicate an object or characteristic in the real world.
  • 4.6K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hydroxytyrosol in Food Products
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is an amphipathic functional phenol found in the olive tree, both in its leaves and fruits, in free or bound forms, as well as in olive oil and by-products of olive oil manufacture. It is recognized as safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has obvious health effect when consumed regularly with the prerequisite to contain at least 5 mg/20 g oil of HT and related compounds. According to the dietary data from the European Union, it is estimated that the mean values of HT consumption in adults is far from the daily recommended intake, which relays the importance of the incorporation of HT in other types of products.
  • 4.6K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Insulin Effects on Target Tissues
Glucose levels in blood must be constantly maintained within a tight physiological range to sustain anabolism. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via its effects on glucose production from the liver and kidneys and glucose disposal in peripheral tissues (mainly skeletal muscle). Blood levels of glucose are regulated simultaneously by insulin-mediated rates of glucose production from the liver (and kidneys) and removal from muscle; adipose tissue is a key partner in this scenario, providing nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) as an alternative fuel for skeletal muscle and liver when blood glucose levels are depleted. During sleep at night, the gradual development of insulin resistance, due to growth hormone and cortisol surges, ensures that blood glucose levels will be maintained within normal levels by: (a) switching from glucose to NEFA oxidation in muscle; (b) modulating glucose production from the liver/kidneys. After meals, several mechanisms (sequence/composition of meals, gastric emptying/intestinal glucose absorption, gastrointestinal hormones, hyperglycemia mass action effects, insulin/glucagon secretion/action, de novo lipogenesis and glucose disposal) operate in concert for optimal regulation of postprandial glucose fluctuations. The contribution of the liver in postprandial glucose homeostasis is critical. The liver is preferentially used to dispose over 50% of the ingested glucose and restrict the acute increases of glucose and insulin in the bloodstream after meals, thus protecting the circulation and tissues from the adverse effects of marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.
  • 4.6K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Techniques of Making Edible Coatings
Edible coatings are made from natural food-grade materials, such as hydrocolloids (polysaccharides, proteins), lipids, and emulsifiers, produced with different techniques, such as dipping (immersing), spraying, spreading, brushing, pressing them/thermoforming, or extrusion. The most used method for coating is immersing, where food is dipped in a liquid containing food matrices, forming a film around the food and protecting all the components present.
  • 4.6K
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Macroalgae
What are algae? Algae are organisms that perform photosynthesis; that is, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen (therefore they have chlorophyll, a group of green pigments used by photosynthetic organisms that convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis) and live in water or in humid places. Algae have great variability and are divided into microalgae, small in size and only visible through a microscope, and macroalgae, which are larger in size, up to more than 50 m (the maximum recorded was 65 m), and have a greater diversity in the oceans. Thus, the term “algae” is commonly used to refer to “marine macroalgae or seaweeds”. It is estimated that 1800 different brown macroalgae, 6200 red macroalgae, and 1800 green macroalgae are found in the marine environment. Although the red algae are more diverse, the brown ones are the largest.
  • 4.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Poly(lactic Acid)
Poly(lactic Acid) is one of the most promising polymers used in these applicationsand is properly called “polymer of the 21st century “. It is the only one, synthesized on a greater scale that is concurrently: biocompatible, biodegradable and biobased. PLA is an aliphatic biobased polyester derived from lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid), which is mostly derived from animal or plant sources such as cellulose, starch, corn, fish waste and kitchen waste.
  • 4.6K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Degradation of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are the therapeutic option for countless infections treatment; unfortunately, they are the second most common group of drugs in wastewaters worldwide due to failures in industrial waste treatments and their irrational use in humans and animals. Several techniques have been assayed for the degradation and mineralisation of antibiotics to reduce the environmental impact; strategies focused on physical, chemical, biological, and combined process design for degradation.
  • 4.6K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
FIB-SEM Tomography: Fundamentals and Applications in Materials Sciences
Focused ion beam (FIB)-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tomography is an extremely important and reliable technique for the three-dimensional reconstruction of microscopic structures with nanometric resolution, with great potential to be integrated with other analytical techniques. FIB-SEM tomography plays a crucial role in the development of innovative multiscale and multimodal correlative microscopy workflows because it can be seamlessly integrated with other imaging modalities, as the reconstruction range bridges the gap between the non-destructive X-ray families of tomographic techniques, which provide sub-micron resolution, and the nano- to atomic-scale resolution achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography.
  • 4.6K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ginger
Ginger in its many forms, from juices of the fresh rhizome, to ginger powder and ginger essential oil, is growing in popularity for claimed universal health benefits. Nevertheless, and contrarily to the common notion of the public, ginger is not devoid of side effects, especially interactions with other drugs, and many of the claimed benefits remain to be substantiated. 
  • 4.6K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Heart of Borneo
The HoB is situated in Borneo, the third-largest island in the world next to Greenland and New Guinea. It is shared by Indonesia (Kalimantan) covering an area of 745,567 square kilometers (km2), Borneo Malaysia, comprising the states of Sarawak and Sabah with an area of 124,449 km2 and 73,711 km2, respectively, and a small-nation sate, Brunei Darussalam (5765 km2). The rainforests in Borneo, which evolved between 100 and 150 million years ago, are among the most biologically diverse on Earth. Representing just one percent of the earth’s terrestrial surface, the island of Borneo holds about six percent of the world’s plant and animal species. There are approximately 15,000 flowering plants and 3000 species of trees found in Borneo’s forest, including 6000 endemic species. The biologically diverse island is recognized as a globally significant biodiversity ‘hotspot’. In addition, the uplands of Borneo are a source of at least 14 of the 20 major rivers on the island. Thus, environmentally sustainable resource management is critically important in maintaining the ecological health of riverine systems, which underpin the socio-economic progress of 17 million people in Borneo.
  • 4.6K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
WebP
WebP is an image file format developed by Google intended as a replacement for JPEG, PNG, and GIF file formats. It supports both lossy and lossless compression, as well as animation and alpha transparency. Google announced the WebP format in September 2010, and released the first stable version of its supporting library in April 2018.
  • 4.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Glory
Glory (from the Latin gloria, "fame, renown") is used to describe the manifestation of God's presence as perceived by humans according to the Abrahamic religions. Divine glory is an important motif throughout Christian theology, where God is regarded as the most glorious being in existence, and it is considered that human beings are created in the Image of God and can share or participate, imperfectly, in divine glory as image-bearers. Thus Christians are instructed to "let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father in heaven".
  • 4.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Italian Fiscal Code Card
The Italian fiscal code card, officially known as Italy's Codice fiscale, is the tax code card in Italy, similar to a Social Security Number (SSN) card in the United States or the National Insurance Number issued in the United Kingdom. The tax code in Italy is an alphanumeric code of 16 characters. The card serves to identify unambiguously individuals residing in Italy irrespective of residency status. Designed by and for the Italian tax office, it is now used for several other purposes, e.g. uniquely identifying individuals in the health system, or natural persons who act as parties in private contracts. The number is issued by the Italian tax office. Each person in the past was handed a plastic card with a magnetic strip, bearing the tax code as well as the surname, given name(s), sex, place and province of birth (or country of birth if foreign), date of birth and date of issue. Today, the tax or fiscal code card has been replaced by a combined Italian health insurance card for qualifying residents which shows an expiration date.
  • 4.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Damaged QR Code Reconstruction
QR codes often become difficult to recognize due to damage. Traditional restoration methods exhibit a limited effectiveness for severely damaged or densely encoded QR codes, are time-consuming, and have limitations in addressing extensive information loss.
  • 4.6K
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coomassie Brilliant Blue
Coomassie Brilliant Blue is the name of two similar triphenylmethane dyes that were developed for use in the textile industry but are now commonly used for staining proteins in analytical biochemistry. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 differs from Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 by the addition of two methyl groups. The name "Coomassie" is a registered trademark of Imperial Chemical Industries.
  • 4.6K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Triple-Alpha Process
The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
  • 4.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cinnamon in Human Health
Cinnamon is an unusual tropical plant belonging to the Lauraceae family. It has been used for hundreds of years as a flavor additive, but it has also been used in natural Eastern medicine. Cinnamon extracts are vital oils that contain biologically active compounds, such as cinnamon aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and is used to treat diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 
  • 4.6K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies
Battery electric heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs) and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV, battery-electric HDV, and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. 
  • 4.6K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Product-Based Learning
The traditional teaching-learning process in higher education employs strategies that position students as recipients of information transmitted by the teacher, which is conceptualized as knowledge. However, the reality in which we live, including new generational groups’ characteristics, requires implementing training solutions that meet individuals' needs in the development of skills or know-how. Thus, deploying suitable solutions to society through a framework that forms individuals capable of continuously seeking knowledge, creating and innovating, is crucial. The "Reproduction of an Environment of Innovation in the Classroom" (RAIS) is a product-based learning and evaluation strategy where the student is actively involved in constructing and generating knowledge. It allows developing the programmatic competencies in engineering courses to attain a feasible product. The RAIS strategy has been applied in Physical chemistry for Chemical Engineers and Industrial Chemistry courses. Students successfully formulated a product using the know-how attained in each course. In addition, this strategy increased motivation compared to other traditional courses, developing the ability to deploy and find solutions in work environments with multidisciplinary groups.  
  • 4.6K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Coating for Efficient Electronics Cooling
Thermal management is essential in electronics, as it improves reliability and enhances performance by removing heat generated by the devices. Thermal management of handheld systems such as laptops is becoming increasingly challenging due to increasing power dissipation. The power dissipated per unit area on the laptop electronic chips is increasing while the area of the chips itself it decreasing, resulting a high heat flux that causes an increase in temperature. The increasing temperature adversely affects the performance of laptops and in many cases leads to failure through such modes as thermal fatigue and dielectric breakdown. In this work, three dimensional steady state CFD model of a laptop motherboard is presented. The model accounts for heat transfer for both natural convection and radiation to the ambient air temperature. The present CFD study allow accurate, rapid, physical modelling to make decisions on materials, components and layout beside power control feedback to achieve performance and target lifetime with reduced testing requirements. An alternative design for the cooling of laptop microprocessor using only passive cooling is proposed. The results showed that the assembled a thin plate of a copper material coated with graphene and use it as a heat sinks with the microprocessor of the laptop providing an efficient and economical solution in thermal management. Considerable drop in microprocessor temperature is obtained through the heat dissipation path suggested in the new design. The proposed passive cooling solution has the advantages of fanless operation compared to the existing active cooling solutions such as the noise-free operation, lower energy consumption and higher reliability. We hope this work may open the way for huge boost in the technology of electric cooling by innovative manufacturing techniques.
  • 4.6K
  • 28 Oct 2020
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