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Topic Review
Microgrids Cybersecurity
Microgrids are growing in importance in the Smart Grid paradigm for power systems. Microgrid security is becoming crucial since these systems increasingly rely on information and communication technologies. Many technologies have been proposed in the last few years for the protection of industrial control systems, ranging from cryptography, network security, security monitoring systems, and innovative control strategies resilient to cyber-attacks.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Double Homeobox Gene
The double homeobox (Dux) gene, encoding a double homeobox transcription factor, is one of the key drivers of totipotency in mice. Recent studies showed Dux was temporally expressed at the 2-cell stage and acted as a transcriptional activator during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in embryos. A similar activation occurs in mouse embryonic stem cells, giving rise to 2-cell-like cells (2CLCs). Though the molecular mechanism underlying this expanded 2CLC potency caused by Dux activation has been partially revealed, the regulation mechanisms controlling Dux expression remain elusive.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis and Application of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Aerogels
Aerogel is generated by the replacement of liquid inside a gel with gas by freeze-drying or supercritical drying technique. Three-dimensional graphene-based aerogels (3D GAs), combining the intrinsic properties of graphene and 3D porous structure,  can be prepared via self-assembly method, template-guided method and sol-gel process. They have attracted increasing research interest in varied fields with potential applications in photoredox catalysis, biomedicine, energy storage, supercapacitor or other single aspect.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Formula Milk Feeding in Premature Infants
Formula milk is a good nutritional option, due to its higher caloric density and protein content. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Liquor Ciders Made from Freeze-Enriched Apple Musts
Ice cider is a unique apple wine made by the partial fermentation of high-density apple musts enriched by freezing. The chemical and sensory characteristics of this beverage is influenced by different technological factors: the apple cultivars chosen, the freeze-enrichment procedure used to obtain the apple musts, and the yeast strains selected to develop the alcoholic fermentation.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Potential Coding of Human Cytomegalovirus
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a large envelope worldwide prevalent betaherpesvirus, ranging from 45% to 100% in the general population based on socio-economic factors. CMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals that will benefit from the availability of a vaccine. Despite the efforts made during the last decade, no CMV vaccine is available. An ideal CMV vaccine should elicit a broad immune response against multiple viral antigens including proteins involved in virus-cell interaction and entry. However, the therapeutic use of neutralizing antibodies targeting glycoproteins involved in viral entry achieved only partial protection against infection.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SUMOylation
SUMOylation is a dynamic and essential Post-Translation Modification (PTM) consisting on the conjugation of Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMOs) to an acceptor lysine of a substrate protein. SUMOylation predominantly regulates nuclear processes and its dysregulation is associated to diseases including cancer. SUMOs share a similar three-dimensional structure with other Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers (UBLs). However, SUMOs differ due to their flexible N-terminus, which also contains the site for SUMO chain formation. All eukaryotes express at least one SUMO paralogue. Five SUMO family members have been identified in humans (SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, SUMO4, and SUMO5. However, SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 are the main family members where they are commonly classified as SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 because of the high similarity between mature SUMO2 and SUMO3. All SUMO paralogues are similar in structure but differ in expression levels. SUMO2 is the most abundant family member in mammalian cells. Studies in mice show that the knockout of SUMO2 is embryonic lethal, while SUMO1 and SUMO3 knockout mice were associated to mild phenotypes, possibly because SUMO2 might compensate the loss of either SUMO1 or SUMO3. Similarly to ubiquitination, SUMO is conjugated in a in a 3-step enzymatic cascade that involves a dimeric E1 activating enzyme (SAE1 and SAE2), an E2 conjugating enzyme (Ubc9), and several SUMO E3 enzymes.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Oral Diseases
Today, artificial intelligence (AI) has been suggested useful in disease diagnosis, predicting prognosis, or developing patient-specific treatment strategies. Particularly, AI can assist dentists in making time-sensitive critical decisions. It can remove the human element of error in decision-making, providing a superior and uniform quality of health care while reducing the stress load on the dentists.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Studying Epigenetics of Cardiovascular Diseases on Chip Guide
Epigenetics is defined as the study of inheritable changes in the gene expressions and phenotypes that occurs without altering the normal DNA sequence. These changes are mainly due to an alteration in chromatin or its packaging, which changes the DNA accessibility. DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding or microRNAs can best explain the mechanism of epigenetics. There are various DNA methylated enzymes, histone-modifying enzymes, and microRNAs involved in the cause of various CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Moreover, various CVD risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypoxia, aging, dyslipidemia, and their epigenetics are also discussed together with CVDs such as CHD (coronary heart disease) and PAH (pulmonary arterial hypertension). Furthermore, different techniques involved in epigenetic chromatin mapping are explained.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Chromoendoscopy in Capsule Endoscopy
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a minimally invasive endoscopic modality, which was initially introduced for the investigation of the small intestine, but currently a range of capsules are available that can facilitate the inspection of the entire GI tract.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking
The two major corrosion mechanisms encountered during stress corrosion of carbon steels in a near-neutral pH environment are anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Anodic dissolution, also known as metal dissolution, is a process in which the metal is dissolved from the anodic site during corrosion process, and gases are released from the cathodic site and at the metal surface. This in turn reduces the wall strength and may lead to premature pipeline failure. Hydrogen embrittlement can be defined as the reduction of a metal’s tensile strength and ductility due to diffusion of hydrogen atoms into the metal’s crystalline lattices during a corrosion process. It causes premature brittle fracture of normally ductile metals under applied stress usually less than the yield strength of the metal. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation Age Estimation
Age estimation is a paramount issue in criminal, anthropological, and forensic research. Because of this, several areas of research have focused on the establishment of new approaches for age prediction, including bimolecular and anthropological methods. DNA methylation (DNAm) has arisen as one of the hottest topics in the field. Many studies have developed age-prediction models (APMs) based on evaluation of DNAm levels of many genes in different tissue types and using different methodological approaches. However, several challenges and confounder factors should be considered before using methylation levels for age estimation in forensic contexts.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Spectrochemistry
Spectrochemistry is the application of spectroscopy in several fields of chemistry. It includes analysis of spectra in chemical terms, and use of spectra to derive the structure of chemical compounds, and also to qualitatively and quantitively analyze their presence in the sample. It is a method of chemical analysis that relies on the measurement of wavelengths and intensity of electromagnetic radiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Cancer Treatment
Cancer refers to a disease involving abnormal cells that proliferate uncontrollably and can invade normal body tissue. It was estimated that at least 9 million patients are killed by cancer annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that bacteria play a significant role in cancer treatment and prevention. Owing to its unique mechanism of abundant pathogen-associated molecular patterns in antitumor immune responses and preferentially accumulating and proliferating within tumors, bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy has recently attracted wide attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cu-Based Catalytic Sites for Methane to Methanol
Direct conversion of methane to methanol is an effective and practical process to improve the efficiency of natural gas utilization. Copper (Cu)-based catalysts have attracted great research attention, due to their unique ability to selectively catalyze the partial oxidation of methane to methanol at relatively low temperatures. Many different catalysts have been studied to achieve a high conversion of methane to methanol, including the Cu-based enzymes, Cu-zeolites, Cu-MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) and Cu-oxides.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Regulators of p53 Acetylation
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of dozens of target genes and diverse physiological processes. To precisely regulate the p53 network, p53 undergoes various post-translational modifications and alters the selectivity of target genes. Acetylation plays an essential role in cell fate determination through the activation of p53. p53 acts as a transcriptional factor that regulates more than 200 target genes and exerts a number of biological effects. Post-translational modifications play an essential role in the precise regulation of the selectivity of different target genes and subsequent physiological outcomes.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Biodegradation and Decolourization of Textile Dyes
Dyes are frequently applied to many substrates in edibles, cosmetics, paper, rubber, and products of textile industries. Microbial-based bioremediation of dyes effluent from wastewater is the most economical and reliable globally. Azo dyes are a valuable family of dyes with the most significant colour diversity. Microorganisms degrade azo dyes in anaerobic conditions with the assistance of azoreductase, resulting in colourless aromatic amines as a by-product. Broadly, dye-degrading microbes could be classified as actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and algae. Moreover, based on the nature of microbes and the pathway followed for degradation it could be again aerobic and anaerobic degraders.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Eupatorium in Cosmetic Ingredients
The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Use of Biochar Particles for Asphalts
Char/biochar particles could be considered as a new kind of sustainable particle created from their “waste” feedstocks. Specifically, when also considering the circular principles, the conversion of polymer waste, food waste, and biomasses, through thermal treatment at high temperatures, gives an appropriate second life for these waste materials. The char/biochar particles, being particles mainly composed of carbon atoms and having a large surface, are very useful to formulate composites with improved mechanical resistance, i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength, as well as improved oxidative and photooxidative resistance, while also considering the particles’ radicals scavenging abilities in comparison to the properties of neat matrices. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Alpha2 Adrenoreceptors in Relation to Spike-wave Epileptic Activity
Spike-wave discharges are the hallmark of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. They are caused by a disorder in the thalamocortical network. Commercially available anti-epileptic drugs have pronounced side effects (i.e., sedation and gastroenterological concerns), which might result from a low selectivity to molecular targets. We suggest a specific subtype of adrenergic receptors (ARs) as a promising anti-epileptic molecular target. The influence of alpha2 ARs is mainly carried out through Gi/o-proteins although coupling to Gs was also demonstrated. Thus, activation of alpha2 ARs can either inhibit or stimulate different intracellular pathways. Numerous neuronal proteins interacting directly or indirectly with alpha2 ARs have been described. Here we describe some mechanisms of noradrenergic modulation of spike-wave activity via ion channels and integral membrane proteins.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
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