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Abubakar, S.A.;  Mori, S.;  Sumner, J. Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26895 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Abubakar SA,  Mori S,  Sumner J. Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26895. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Abubakar, Shamsuddeen Ashurah, Stefano Mori, Joy Sumner. "Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26895 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Abubakar, S.A.,  Mori, S., & Sumner, J. (2022, September 05). Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26895
Abubakar, Shamsuddeen Ashurah, et al. "Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking." Encyclopedia. Web. 05 September, 2022.
Corrosion Mechanisms in Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking
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The two major corrosion mechanisms encountered during stress corrosion of carbon steels in a near-neutral pH environment are anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Anodic dissolution, also known as metal dissolution, is a process in which the metal is dissolved from the anodic site during corrosion process, and gases are released from the cathodic site and at the metal surface. This in turn reduces the wall strength and may lead to premature pipeline failure. Hydrogen embrittlement can be defined as the reduction of a metal’s tensile strength and ductility due to diffusion of hydrogen atoms into the metal’s crystalline lattices during a corrosion process. It causes premature brittle fracture of normally ductile metals under applied stress usually less than the yield strength of the metal. 

stress corrosion cracking pipeline steels applied stress

1. Introduction

Pipelines are intended to transport various types of fluids (liquid or gas), mixtures of fluids, solids, fluid–solid mixtures, or capsules (freight-laden vessels or vehicles moved by fluids through a pipe) [1]. They are considered to be a safe, effective and economic means of oil and gas transportation across the globe and have a good safety record [2][3]. However, they can suffer from corrosion.
Corrosion is defined as the destruction or deterioration of a metal that results from a reaction with its environment [4][5][6]. Corrosion in both offshore and onshore pipelines is a natural occurring phenomenon and is regarded as one of the major causes of pipeline failures [2][4], with corrosion damage accounting for about 20–40% of recorded pipeline failures and incidents [7]. In 2013, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) estimated that the global cost of corrosion was USD 2.5 trillion, which is equivalent to 3.4% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) [8].
When pipelines are under stress, for example, from internal fluid movement or other outside forces, and are in the presence of a corrosive environment, they can be susceptible to stress corrosion, commonly known as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Stress corrosion cracking is caused by the combined action of simultaneous mechanical stress and a specific corrosive media that a metal or alloy is susceptible to [6][9][10]. For SCC to occur on a metal or alloy surface, the following three conditions must be met simultaneously: specific conditions to promote crack-propagation must be present; the metallurgy of the material must be susceptible to SCC; and there must be an applied tensile or static stress that exceeds a threshold value [10][11][12]. This tensile stress can originate from centrifugal forces, external loads, temperature variations or internal stresses induced by heat treatment. Stress may also result from locked-in residual stress from fabrication or welding [6][9][11]. SCC cracks normally propagate trans-granularly and/or inter-granularly or may be branched depending on the type of metal/corrosive media combination [9][10][11][12]. In the trans-granular mode of cracking, the crack advances without a defined preference for the grain boundaries, while in the intergranular mode, the crack proceeds along the grain boundaries.
Generally, two types of SCC have been outlined for pipeline carbon steels in the literature: high pH SCC and near-neutral pH SCC [13][14][15][16][17] High pH SCC is characterised by an intergranular mode of cracking and has been investigated in concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate environments with pH values higher than 9 [13][14][15][16][17]. Conversely, near-neutral SCC (pH = 6–8) is characterised by a trans-granular cracking mode and is associated with dilute carbonate/bicarbonate medium [13][14][15][16][17]

References

  1. Liu, H. Introduction. In Pipeline Engineering; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, USA; CRC Press Company LLC.: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; pp. 1–3.
  2. Menon, E.S. Corrosion Protection. In Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual; Gulf Professional Publishers: Houston, TX, USA; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 293–297.
  3. Aloqaily, A. Foreword and Book Description. In Cross Country Pipeline Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies; Gulf Professional Publishing: Houston, TX, USA, 2018; p. 334.
  4. Orazem, M.E. Understanding and Managing Corrosion Processes. In Underground Pipeline Corrosion: Detection, Analysis and Prevention; Woodhead Publishing Ltd.: Sawston, UK, 2014; pp. 1–32.
  5. Singh, R. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection. In Pipeline Integrity: Management and Risk Evaluation; Gulf Professional Publishing: Houston, TX, USA; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 243–253.
  6. Fontana, M.G. Stress Corrosion. In Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill International Book Company: Columbus, OH, USA, 1987; pp. 109–138.
  7. Palmer, A.C.; King, R.A. Risks, Accidents and Repairs. In Subsea Pipeline Engineering; PennWell Publishing Company: Tulsa, OK, USA, 2008; pp. 507–522.
  8. Villanueva-balsera, J.; Rodriguez-perez, F. Methods to Evaluate Corrosion in Buried Steel Structures: A Review. Metals 2018, 8, 334.
  9. Cicek, V. Types of Corrosion. Non-uniform Corr. In Corrosion Engineering; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2014; pp. 67–70.
  10. Davis, J.R. Forms of Corrosion: Recognition and Prevention. In Corrosion-Understanding the Basics; ASM International: Almere, TheNetherlands, 2000; pp. 100–155.
  11. Sastri, V.S. Introduction and forms of Corrosion. In Challenges in Corrosion: Costs, Causes, Consequences, and Control; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 1–95.
  12. Papavinasam, S. Monitoring Internal Corrosion. In Corrosion Control in the Oil and Gas Industry; Gulf Professional Publishing: Houston, TX, USA; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 425–514.
  13. Bueno, A.H.S.; Castro, B.B.; Ponciano, J.A.C. Laboratory Evaluation of Soil Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of API Grade Steels. In Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada, 4–8 October 2004; pp. 1–6.
  14. Torres-Islas, A.; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.G.; Uruchurtu, J.; Serna, S. Stress Corrosion Cracking Study of Microalloyed Pipeline Steels in Dilute NaHCO3 Solutions. Corros. Sci. 2008, 50, 2831–2839.
  15. Bueno, A.H.S.; Moreira, E.D.; Gomes, J.A.C.P. Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement in an API Grade Steel. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2014, 36, 423–431.
  16. Majchrowicz, K.; Brynk, T.; Wieczorek, M.; Miedzi, D. Exploring the Susceptibility of P110 Pipeline Steel to Stress Cor-rosion Cracking in CO2-Rich Environments. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2019, 104, 471–479.
  17. Omura, T.; Amaya, H.; Asahi, H.; Sawamura, M.; Kimura, M.; Ishikawa, N. Near Neutral SCC Properties of Grade X80 Linepipe. In Proceedings of the NACE-International Corrosion Conference and Expo, Atlanta, GA, USA, 22–26 March 2009; Volume 09092, pp. 1–16.
  18. Popoola, L.T.; Grema, A.S.; Latinwo, G.K.; Gutti, B.; Balogun, A.S. Corrosion Problems During Oil and Gas Production and its Mitigation. Int. J. Ind. Chem. 2013, 4, 35–40.
  19. Kreysa, G.; Schütze, M. Dechema Corrosion Handbook-Revised and Extended, 2nd ed.; Dechema: Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2008.
  20. Davies, P.J.B.; Scott, M. Environmental Assited Cracking. In Guide to the Use of Materials in Waters; NACE International: Houston, TX, USA, 2003; pp. 50–53.
  21. Johnson, J.T.; Durr, C.L.; Beavers, J.A.; Delanty, B.S.; Pipelines, T. Effects of O2 and CO2 on Near-Neutral-pH Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation. In Proceedings of the NACE—International Corrosion Conference Series, Orlando, FL, USA, 26–31 March 2000; Volume 2000-March, No. 356. pp. 1–22.
  22. Bodlos, R. Detailed microstructure characterization of a grade X70 steel modified with TiO2 using friction stir processing. Master’s Thesis, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, 2018; pp. 4–10.
  23. Bulger, J.; Luo, J. Effect of Microstructure on Near-Neutral-pH SCC. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada, 1–5 October 2000; Volume 2, pp. 947–952.
  24. Cole, I.S.; Corrigan, P.; Sim, S.; Birbilis, N. Corrosion of Pipelines used for CO2 Transport n CCS: Is it a Real Problem? Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 2011, 5, 749–756.
  25. Wei, L.; Pang, X.; Gao, K. Effect of Small Amount of H2S on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in the Dynamic Supercritical CO2 Environments. Corros. Sci. 2016, 103, 132–144.
  26. Nesic, S.; Postlethwaite, J.; Olsen, S. An Electrochemical Model for Prediction of Corrosion of Mild Steel in Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Solution. Corros. Sci. 1996, 52, 280–294.
  27. Mu, L.J.; Zhao, W.Z. Investigation on Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Behaviour of HP13Cr110 Stainless Steel in Simulated Stratum Water. Corros. Sci. 2010, 52, 82–89.
  28. Bhattacharyya, B. Recent Advancements in EMM for Micro and Nanofabrication. In Electrochemical Micromachining for Nanofabrication, MEMS and Nanotechnology; William Andrew Publishers, ScienceDirect: Norwich, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 219–240.
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