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Topic Review
Molecular Therapeutic Targets for Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor of the salivary glands. The most researched pathway associated with ACC is the MYB–NFIB translocation, found to lead to dysregulation of critical cellular pathways and thought to be a fundamental driver in a subset of ACC disease pathogenesis. Other notable molecular targets that have been studied include the cKIT receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, and NOTCH1, all with limited efficacy in clinical trials. The ongoing investigation of molecular abnormalities underpinning ACC that may be responsible for carcinogenesis is critical to identifying and developing novel targeted therapies.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
EBV-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBV-MCU) was classified as a rare new entity of the lymphoproliferative B-cell diseases by the WHO in 2017 and must be distinguished from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by early biopsy.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides Eradicate Bacterial Biofilms of Multi-Drug Resistant
Bacterial resistance is an emergency public health problem worldwide, compounded by the ability of bacteria to form biofilms, mainly in seriously ill hospitalized patients. The World Health Organization has published a list of priority bacteria that should be studied and, in turn, has encouraged the development of new drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
RAFI: Robust Authentication Framework for IoT-Based RFID Infrastructure
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a future trend that uses the Internet to connect a variety of physical things with the cyber world. IoT technology is rapidly evolving, and it will soon have a significant impact on our daily lives. While the growing number of linked IoT devices makes our daily lives easier, it also puts our personal data at risk. In IoT applications, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) helps in the automatic identification of linked devices, and the dataflow of the system forms a symmetry in communication between the tags and the readers. However, the security and privacy of RFID-tag-connected devices are the key concerns. The communication link is thought to be wireless or insecure, making the RFID system open to several known threats.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Africa’s Agricultural Total Factor Productivity for Food Security
Population growth, food shortages, and low levels of human development have been longstanding issues confronting many African countries. Agricultural productivity remains a critical goal for mitigating these challenges and ensuring overall economic development. Total factor productivity (TFP) is a crucial metric for determining a sector’s overall growth. However, due to a lack of comprehensive assessments of the trends and determinants of TFP growth in African agriculture, there are disagreements. Within the context of inclusive human development, the impact of agricultural productivity is frequently misrepresented in the current literature. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
TNF Axis in Therapies of COVID-19
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most critical pro-inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune response and mediates pleiotropic effects, which implies action on diverse cells subpopulations to mediate a wide range of activities such as the production of inflammatory mediators, cell proliferation, and cell death. TNF is produced by macrophages, T-, B- NK-, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts. TNF is a versatile cytokine that acts as an alarm system in host defense, appearing in the first few minutes of damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Tumors
Spine metastases are a common life-threatening complication of advanced-stage malignancies and often result in poor prognosis. Symptomatic spine metastases develop in the course of about 10% of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, it is essential for contemporary medicine to understand metastatic processes in order to find appropriate, targeted therapeutic options. There appears more and more detailed knowledge about cancer and metastasis, but these transformations are extremely complicated, e.g., due to the complexity of reactions, the variety of places where they occur, or the participation of both tumor cells and host cells in these transitions.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dyslexia Research
Dyslexia is a neurological symptom wherein an individual experiences difficulty reading. The neurological nature and underlying causes of dyslexia are an active area of research, and the distinction of dyslexia as a condition is a topic of some controversy.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Magnetic Sequencing
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin, containing the sequence of interest, is bound between a magnetic bead and a glass surface. A magnetic field is applied to stretch the hairpin open into single strands, and the hairpin refolds after decreasing of the magnetic field. The hairpin length can be determined by direct imaging of the diffraction rings of the magnetic beads using a simple microscope. The DNA sequences are determined by measuring the changes in the hairpin length following successful hybridization of complementary nucleotides.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Types of Compton Cameras
A Compton camera is a promising γ-ray detector that operates in the wide energy range of a few tens of keV to MeV. The γ-ray detection method of a Compton camera is based on Compton scattering kinematics, which is used to determine the direction and energy of the γ-rays without using a mechanical collimator. Although the Compton camera was originally designed for astrophysical applications, it was later applied in medical imaging as well. Moreover, its application in environmental radiation measurements is also under study.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CryptoLocker
The CryptoLocker ransomware attack was a cyberattack using the CryptoLocker ransomware that occurred from 5 September 2013 to late May 2014. The attack utilized a trojan that targeted computers running Microsoft Windows, and was believed to have first been posted to the Internet on 5 September 2013. It propagated via infected email attachments, and via an existing Gameover ZeuS botnet. When activated, the malware encrypted certain types of files stored on local and mounted network drives using RSA public-key cryptography, with the private key stored only on the malware's control servers. The malware then displayed a message which offered to decrypt the data if a payment (through either bitcoin or a pre-paid cash voucher) was made by a stated deadline, and it threatened to delete the private key if the deadline passes. If the deadline was not met, the malware offered to decrypt data via an online service provided by the malware's operators, for a significantly higher price in bitcoin. There was no guarantee that payment would release the encrypted content. Although CryptoLocker itself was easily removed, the affected files remained encrypted in a way which researchers considered unfeasible to break. Many said that the ransom should not be paid, but did not offer any way to recover files; others said that paying the ransom was the only way to recover files that had not been backed up. Some victims claimed that paying the ransom did not always lead to the files being decrypted. CryptoLocker was isolated in late May 2014 via Operation Tovar, which took down the Gameover ZeuS botnet that had been used to distribute the malware. During the operation, a security firm involved in the process obtained the database of private keys used by CryptoLocker, which was in turn used to build an online tool for recovering the keys and files without paying the ransom. It is believed that the operators of CryptoLocker successfully extorted a total of around $3 million from victims of the trojan. Other instances of encryption-based ransomware that have followed have used the "CryptoLocker" name (or variations), but are otherwise unrelated.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Aspects of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) associated with HIV infection of the brain impacts a large proportion of people with HIV (PWH) regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the number of people with HIV (PWH) and severe NCI has dropped considerably with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the sole use of ART is not sufficient to prevent or arrest NCI in many PWH. As the HIV field continues to investigate cure strategies, adjunctive therapies are greatly needed. HIV imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological studies point to the presence of continual inflammation, and the presence of HIV RNA, DNA, and proteins in the brain despite ART.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Galectins in Esophageal Cancer
The overall 5-year survival rate of esophageal cancer patients is poor. Galectins are glycan-binding proteins known to contribute to tumor initiation and progression. To get insight in the expression and potential function of galectins in esophageal cancer, a literature review is performed. The researchers found that galectins have been mainly studied in the context of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and that galectin-1, -3, and -9 expression are most frequently reported. More research is required to provide better insights in the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of galectins in esophageal cancer as well as their functional role in tumor progression.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA’s scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. Researchers briefly summarize the knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fungi-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Myeloproliferative Overlap Neoplasms
The myelodysplastic syndromes/myeloproliferative overlap neoplasms (MDS/MPN) comprise a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplastic diseases with clinical and pathologic overlapping features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification included five entities: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), atypical CML BCR-ABL1− (aCML), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T), and MDS/MPN unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-U). In 2022, there emerged two competing classifications for myeloid neoplasms: the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the fifth edition of the WHO classification. Both classifications now expand on these categories; in particular, MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T) has been split into two entities in the ICC 2022 based on the presence/absence of the SF3B1 mutation. Moreover, both the WHO 2022 classification and the ICC move JMML to be grouped with pediatric and/or germline mutation-associated disorders.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Constructed Wetlands in the Hospitality Industry
The hospitality industry is increasing its awareness of how the integration of nature-based solutions can decrease its environmental impact while maintaining or increasing the service level of the sector. Constructed wetlands (CWs) constitute a promising sustainable solution for proper in situ domestic wastewater treatment but its use in the hospitality industry is scattered among both the technical and scientific literature. The research was to collect an updated profile of CWs implemented as wastewater treatment technologies in hospitality units worldwide, with the ultimate aim of creating a database containing information on the location, treatment design, and performance of these systems for use as a reference tool for future stakeholders.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Health-Promoting Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Endophytic Fungi
The study examines the intricate relationship between plants and the endophytic fungi inhabiting their tissues. These fungi harmoniously coexist with plants, forming a distinct symbiotic connection that has caught scientific attention due to its potential implications for plant health and growth. The diverse range of bioactive compounds produced by these fungi holds significant promise for human health.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
User Association Performance Trade-Offs in Integrated RF/mmWave/THz Communications
6G and beyond wireless networks will be utilizing RF (below 6 GHz) mm-Wave, and sub THz frequency bands for user access. These three bands, however, have distinct propagation characteristics and bandwidths. Associating users across these bands using available radio resources while meeting different Quality of Services across slices is a difficult optimization problem.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Diagnostics of Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are commonly detected in daily clinical practice, and their diagnosis and therapy usually involve different specialists and various diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Thyroid nodule management requires the integration of laboratory, imaging, and pathology examinations to achieve a proper diagnosis. It enables the elimination of unnecessary therapeutic procedures in many individuals and the timely identification of patients who require specific therapies. Furthermore, bioinformatics may change the current management of clinical data, enabling more personalized diagnostic approaches for patients with thyroid nodules.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2024
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