Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Energy Sustainability in Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are considered to be among the most important scientific domains. Yet, the exploitation of WSNs suffers from the severe energy restrictions of their electronic components. For this reason there are numerous scientific methods that have been proposed aiming to achieve the extension of the lifetime of WSNs, either by energy saving or energy harvesting or through energy transfer. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Liver Transplantation
Liver transplantation outcomes have improved. Looking for the best Donor-Recipient matching (D-R matching) as always been a challenge for the liver transplantation surgeons. Most of the proposed scores based on conventional biostatistics are not good classifiers of a problem that is considered “unbalanced.” The implementation of artificial intelligence in medicine has experienced exponential growth. Deep learning, a branch of artificial intelligence with capability to handle a large number of variables with speed and multi-objective analysis. Artificial neural networks and random forests are the most widely used deep-learning classifiers in this field. Both classifiers have been able to show a high predictive ability in the graft survival of a D-R pair compared to traditional classifiers. There are even researchers that have successfully created a matching model based on one of them.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media in the Environment
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) as emerging micropollutants have attracted considerable attention due to their high detected concentration in water systems. It results in environmental issues partly due to the formation of toxic by-products during the disinfection process in water treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
CAF-Related Signaling Pathways in NSCLC
In the tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have multiple tumor-promoting functions in drug resistance, regulation of the niche of cancer stem cells and formation of the immunosuppressive network. Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with an overall 5-year survival rate of around 20% because NSCLC is a metastatic disease. CAFs interact with lung cancer cells to allow for the acquisition of malignancy and treatment resistance by paracrine loops via EMT signals in the tumor microenvironment
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Smart Mask
The concept of “intelligence” in a material refers to its ability to sense, respond or react to external stimuli or changes in environmental conditions. Heated research interests have focused on the synthesis, optimization and application of materials that can respond to their environment or adjust their properties given external stimuli. Increased involvement of such intelligent or smart materials is witnessed in filtration membrane design. Face masks as wearables with integrated multifunctional sensors that detect human body physiological signals and surrounding environmental status have broadened the practical applications of their conventional function as air filters. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Enzyme-Associated Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It increases the risk of other serious diseases and causes a huge impact on individuals, families, and socioeconomics. AD is a complex multifactorial disease, and current pharmacological therapies are largely based on the inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Limbic System in Tinnitus
Tinnitus is originally derived from the Latin verb tinnire, which means “to ring”. Tinnitus, a complex disorder, is a result of sentient cognizance of a sound in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. It is reported in children, adults, and older populations. Patients suffering from tinnitus often present with hearing loss, anxiety, depression, and sleep disruption in addition to a hissing and ringing in the ear. Surgical interventions and many other forms of treatment have been only partially effective due to heterogeneity in tinnitus patients and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of tinnitus. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Technologies to Detect and Monitor Atrial Fibrillation
Up to 20% of patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack have a prior history of known atrial fibrillation (AF). Additionally, unknown AF can be detected by different monitoring strategies in up to 23% of patients with cryptogenic or non-cardioembolic stroke. However, most studies had substantial gaps in monitoring time, especially early after the index event. Following this, AF rates would be higher if patients underwent continuous monitoring early after stroke, avoiding any gaps in monitoring. The few existing randomized studies focused on patients with cryptogenic stroke but did not focus otherwise specifically on prevention strategies in patients at high risk for AF (patients at higher age or with high CHA2DS2-VASC scores). Besides invasive implantable loop recorders (ILRs), external loop recorders (ELRs) and mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT) are non-invasive tools that are commonly used for long-term ECG monitoring in cryptogenic-stroke patients in the ambulatory setting. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Power Semiconductor Devices
Power switching semiconductors are indispensable elements in inverters and converters used in power grids/systems, automobiles, data centers, and renewable energy for reliability towards a more intelligent control system.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Consequence of Alveolar Hyperoxia and Systemic Hyperoxaemia
Acute hypoxic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a prominent feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) critical illness. The need for a high FiO2 to normalise arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia can result in alveolar hyperoxia. This in turn can lead to local alveolar oxidative stress with associated inflammation, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, surfactant dysfunction, pulmonary vascular abnormalities, resorption atelectasis, and impairment of innate immunity predisposing to secondary bacterial infections. While oxygen is a life-saving treatment, alveolar hyperoxia may exacerbate pre-existing lung injury.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection
Clostridioides difficile is the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in the United States. The high incidence and recurrence rates of C. difficile infection (CDI), associated with high morbidity and mortality, pose a public health challenge. Although antibiotics targeting C. difficile bacteria are the first treatment choice, antibiotics also disrupt the indigenous gut flora and, therefore, create an environment that is favorable for recurrent CDI. The challenge of treating CDI is further exacerbated by the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of C. difficile, placing it among the top five most urgent antibiotic resistance threats in the USA. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in C. difficile involves the acquisition of new resistance mechanisms, which can be shared among various bacterial species and different C. difficile strains within clinical and community settings.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biomaterial-Based Responsive Nanomedicines for Targeting Solid Tumor Microenvironments
Solid tumors are composed of a highly complex and heterogenic microenvironment, with increasing metabolic status. This environment plays a crucial role in the clinical therapeutic outcome of conventional treatments and innovative antitumor nanomedicines. Scientists have devoted great efforts to conquering the challenges of the tumor microenvironment (TME), in respect of effective drug accumulation and activity at the tumor site. The main focus is to overcome the obstacles of abnormal vasculature, dense stroma, extracellular matrix, hypoxia, and pH gradient acidosis. In this endeavor, nanomedicines that are targeting distinct features of TME have flourished; these aim to increase site specificity and achieve deep tumor penetration. The development of such systems has significantly advanced the application of biomaterials in combinational therapies and in immunotherapies for improved anticancer effectiveness.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy-Duty Trucking
Seaports are perceived as multimodal hubs of the logistics supply chain where various transport modes intersect to exchange goods shipped by vessels. Increasing trade and capacity constraints are making this area a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. National and regional decision-makers perceive port sustainability as a concern while planning GHG mitigation projects. However, to plan and conduct successful GHG management programs, it is critical to first develop an appropriate assessment approach that fits well with the operating and geographical context of the given port. For heavy-duty trucking activities taking place within such ports, several models and methodologies for assessing GHG emissions are available, but their generalization is challenging for many reasons, notably because of the specific features of traffic within the port.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Impact of the COVID-19 to the Energy Sector
In order to control the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of the world started to implement measures regarding social distance and social contacts, including closures of cities, work and study relocations, and work suspension. The epidemical situation and the lockdown of the economy by governments in various countries caused changes in production, changes in the habits of energy consumers and other energy-related changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
The daily tasks that the human being develops in any context are complex and dynamic. The variables that are part of a study object can be simplified in concepts that are linked to the problem. In this context, the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) make it easier to synthesize the information related to the problem. This study seeks to identify the variables that not influence the return of agricultural graduates to the rural sector. For this, FCMs tool and hierarchical cluster were applied. Interviews were held with academic experts in the field of rural development and managers of agricultural planning. Eighteen categorized variables were identified in the study, of which five were strategies for agricultural development. These were: (1) state policies for rural development, (2) quality academic training, (3) training in innovation and entrepreneurship, (4) national research and university extension programs, and (5) associative cooperativism. The identification of these variables helps state authorities and universities to design strategies that promote the participation of agricultural graduates in the rural production sector.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Green Electric Power Development
The green development of electric power is a key measure to alleviate the shortage of energy supply, adjust the energy structure, reduce environmental pollution and improve energy efficiency.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Flavocoxid, a Nutraceutical Approach to Blunt Inflammatory Conditions
Flavonoids, from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) and Acacia catechu (black catechu), have been shown to exert a variety of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Flavocoxid is a mixed extract containing baicalin and catechin and it acts as a dual balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 peroxidase enzyme activities with a significant inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme activity in vitro. Flavocoxid downregulates gene or protein expression of several inflammatory markers and exerts also strong antioxidant activity in several experimental models. Controlled clinical trials and a postmarketing study have clearly shown that flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee and it has better upper gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory safety profile than naproxen. Flavocoxid may therefore provide a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Amniotic epithelial cell immunomodulation
Amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) have been proposed as promising candidates for regenerative medicine thanks to their multipotency, non-tumorigenicity, low-immunogenic profile as well as for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TCTP, Cell Biology and Disease
Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is multifunctional protein expressed in essentially all eukaryotic organisms. It is a cytoprotective protein that is involved in many basic biological processes, such as cellular stress responses, growth and development. Dysregulation of TCTP occurs in various disease processes, and recently the participation of TCTP in several cancer-promoting pathways has been unveiled. Understanding the core biological functions of TCTP, the mechanisms underlying its cellular regulation and its participation in disease processes is essential for the design of effective anti-cancer strategies that may involve targeting of TCTP.  To provide a current overview of the knowledge in this area, we published a review article in Cells, which represents a detailed compilation of the recent progress in this field . Here, we give a brief overview on the core findings that are reported in this article.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Towards Regenerative Energy Supply Options
       Often the main energy related challenges in Africa is how to avoid (reduce or manage) the environmental tradeoffs arising due to extractive energy sourcing mechanisms leading to ecosystem degradation. Avoiding or reducing the tradeoffs needs looking at energy as an intersectoral challenge rather than looking at it as a uni-sectoral agenda. Ecosystem-based approaches are pathways to produce energy feedstocks through interventions that enrich the ecosystems with due consideration of the interactions among the various sectors being affected and also affecting the energy production process. Regenerative energy supply options are interventions that lead to production of energy or energy feedstocks while enriching the ecosystems in which it is produced. Of the outstanding opportunities is the ongoing ecosystem restoration agenda that is being supported by multiple agencies around the world and in the continent. Our analysis revealed that there is great complementarity between the restoration movement and regenerative energy supply options.  that could change the narrative substantially.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback