Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Facial Information for Healthcare Applications
The document is not limited to global face analysis but it also concentrates on methods related to local cues (e.g. the eyes). A research taxonomy is introduced by dividing the face in its main features: eyes, mouth, muscles, skin, and shape. For each facial feature, the computer vision-based tasks aiming at analyzing it and the related healthcare goals that could be pursued are detailed.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cybersecurity in ICT Supply Chains
According to the US National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), cyber resilience is defined as “the ability to anticipate, withstand, recover from, and adapt to adverse conditions, stresses, attacks, or compromises on systems that include cyber resources”. The specific demands of supply chains built upon large and complex IoT systems, make it a must to design a coordinated framework for cyber resilience provisioning, intended to guarantee trusted supply chains of ICT systems, built upon distributed, dynamic, potentially insecure, and heterogeneous ICT infrastructures. Today, the resilience of ICT systems is premium, and every ICT system is expected to implement at least a set of basic mechanisms to prevent, resist, and recover from any type of disruption in a timely manner, thus minimizing the impact on service quality and user experience. Particularly in complex ICT supply chain scenarios, the ICT implementation of physical supply chains, serving multiple actors in finance, manufacturing, healthcare, and many other sectors, not only individual parts of the supply chain need to be secured and reliably provisioned, but also the end-to-end process of securing the ICT supply chain. The concept of cyber resilience is expected to become the norm, and one of the key measures of an ICT system’s ability to continue its operations in the event of a cyber attack (be it either software or hardware) or incident.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Standard Portable Intermediate Representation
Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) is an intermediate language for parallel compute and graphics by Khronos Group. It is used in multiple execution environments, including the Vulkan graphics API and the OpenCL compute API, to represent a shader or kernel. It is also used as an interchange language for cross compilation. SPIR-V was introduced in 2015 by the Khronos Group, and has since replaced the original SPIR, which was introduced in 2012.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Problems and Proposed Solutions of Cloud Security Frameworks
Cloud computing has its roots in several fundamental concepts and technologies. In the 1960s, J.C.R. Licklider, a prominent computer scientist, envisioned an “Intergalactic Computer Network” that allowed remote access to programs and data, laying the groundwork for distributed computing models. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Loyalty Programs
Loyalty platforms are designed to increase customer loyalty and thus increase consumers’ attraction to purchase. Loyalty programs are one of the main options for brands to increase their accessibility and attractiveness. However, these systems have shortcomings that can influence interaction with users. Blockchain is an innovative technology capable of transforming the behavior of these systems and solving current problems.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Internet of Medical Things applications
The Internet of Things (IoT) have been adopted by several areas of the society, such as smart transportation systems, smart cities, smart agriculture, smart energy and smart healthcare. The healthcare is an area that takes a lot of benefits from IoT technology (composing the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)), since low cost devices and sensors can be use to create medical assistance systems, reducing the deployment and maintenance costs, and at the same time, improving the patients and their family quality of life. However, only IoT is not able to support the complexity of e-health applications. For instance, sensors can generate large amount of data, and the IoT devices do not have enough computational capabilities to process and store these data. Thus, the cloud and fog technologies emerge to mitigate the IoT limitations, expanding the IoMT applications capacities. The cloud computing provides virtual unlimited computational resources, while the fog push the resources closest to the end users, reducing the data transfer latency. Therefore, the IoT, fog, and cloud computing integration provides a robust environment to e-health systems deployment, allowing a plenty of different types of IoMT applications. In this topic review, we present an overview of a systematic mapping with the goal to overview the current state-of-the-art in IoMT applications using IoT, fog and cloud infrastructures.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MAC-Based Physical Layer Security over Wireless Sensor Network
Physical layer security for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a laborious and highly critical issue in the world. Wireless sensor networks have great importance in civil and military fields or applications. Security of data/information through wireless medium remains a challenge. The data that transmit wirelessly has increased the speed of transmission rate. In physical layer security, the data transfer between source and destination is not confidential, and thus the user has privacy issues, which is why improving the security of wireless sensor networks is a prime concern. The loss of physical security causes a great threat to a network. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Routing Protocols for Mobile IoT
IoT (Internet of Things) is the connection of devices to the Internet where devices are able to communicate with each other and their users, such as cameras, medical sensors, light-bulbs, and smoke alarms. IoT allows devices to assist daily routines, such as cars can be synced with calendars for appointment or meeting tracking to plan the best routes. According to the research done by IDC, there are already 13 billion connected devices in use worldwide in 2017 and the number could reach over 40 billion by 2025.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Multisource Fusion UAV Cluster Cooperative Positioning
Due to the functional limitations of a single UAV, UAV clusters have become an important part of smart cities, and the relative positioning between UAVs is the core difficulty in UAV cluster applications. Existing UAVs can be equipped with satellite navigation, radio navigation, and other positioning equipment, but in complex environments, such as urban canyons, various navigation sources cannot achieve full positioning information due to occlusion, interference, and other factors, and existing positioning fusion methods cannot meet the requirements of these environments. Therefore, demand exists for the real-time positioning of UAV clusters. Aiming to solve the above problems, multisource fusion UAV cluster cooperative positioning using information geometry (UCP-IG), which converts various types of navigation source information into information geometric probability models and reduces the impact of accidental errors is proposed, and the Kullback–Leibler divergence minimization (KLM) fusion method to achieve rapid fusion on geometric manifolds and creatively solve the problem of difficult fusion caused by different positioning information formats and parameters is presented.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fitting Model for Indoor Positioning on Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a positioning technology that is commonly used in indoor positioning systems (IPS) such as shopping malls or underground parking lots, because of its low power consumption and the low cost of Bluetooth devices. It also maintains high positioning accuracy. However, it is necessary to configure a large number of devices in the environment to obtain accurate positioning results. A planar model that conforms to the signal strength in the environment was generated, wherein the database comparison method is replaced by an equation solution, to improve various costs but diminish the positioning accuracy. Researchers propose to further replace the planar model with a cost-effective fitting model to both save costs and improve positioning accuracy
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS
FANET (flying ad-hoc networks) is currently a trending research topic. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have two significant challenges: short flight times and inefficient routing due to low battery power and high mobility. Due to these topological restrictions, FANETS routing is considered more complicated than MANETs or VANETs. Clustering approaches based on artificial intelligence (AI) approaches can be used to solve complex routing issues when static and dynamic routings fail. Evolutionary algorithm-based clustering techniques, such as moth flame optimization, and ant colony optimization, can be used to solve these kinds of problems with routes. Moth flame optimization gives excellent coverage while consuming little energy and requiring a minimum number of cluster heads (CHs) for routing. Researchers employ a moth flame optimization algorithm for network building and node deployment. Then, researchers employ a variation of the K-Means Density clustering approach to choosing the cluster head. Choosing the right cluster heads increases the cluster’s lifespan and reduces routing traffic. Moreover, it lowers the number of routing overheads. This step is followed by MRCQ image-based compression techniques to reduce the amount of data that must be transmitted. Finally, the reference point group mobility model is used to send data by the most optimal path. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), and grey wolf optimization (GWO) were put to the test against the proposed EECP-MFO. Several metrics are used to gauge the efficiency of the proposed method, including the number of clusters, cluster construction time, cluster lifespan, consistency of cluster heads, and energy consumption.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Information System for Security Auditing
Information security and cybersecurity management play a key role in modern enterprises. There is a plethora of standards, frameworks, and tools, ISO 27000 and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework being two relevant families of international Information Security Management Standards (ISMSs). Globally, these standards are implemented by dedicated tools to collect and further analyze the information security auditing that is carried out in an enterprise. The overall goal of the auditing is to evaluate and mitigate the information security risk. The risk assessment is grounded by auditing processes, which examine and assess a list of predefined controls in a wide variety of subjects regarding cybersecurity and information security. For each control, a checklist of actions is applied and a set of corrective measures is proposed, in order to mitigate the flaws and to increase the level of compliance with the standard being used. The auditing process can apply different ISMSs in the same time frame. However, as these processes are time-consuming, involve on-site interventions, and imply specialized consulting teams, the methodology usually adopted by enterprises consists of applying a single ISMS and its existing tools and frameworks. This strategy brings overall less flexibility and diversity to the auditing process and, consequently, to the assessment results of the audited enterprise.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
IoT Serverless Computing at the Edge
Serverless computing is a new concept allowing developers to focus on the core functionality of their code, while abstracting away the underlying infrastructure. Even though there are existing commercial serverless cloud providers and open-source solutions, dealing with the explosive growth of new Internet of Things (IoT) devices requires more efficient bandwidth utilization, reduced latency, and data preprocessing closer to the source, thus reducing the overall data volume and meeting privacy regulations. One way of achieving this is to move serverless computing to the network edge.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Urban Digitization Governance in Birth Registration Field
Digitization governance is one of the most significant current discussions in the urban governance field. Especially, with the spreading of Blockchain Technology (BCT), researchers have shown an increased interest in the application of the technology in solving birth registration challenges as a digital infrastructure in developing countries.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Quantum-Resistant Blockchain System
Blockchain transactions are decentralized, secure, and transparent, and they have altered industries. However, the emergence of quantum computing presents a severe security risk to the traditional encryption algorithms used in blockchain. Post-quantum signatures are required to preserve integrity and reliability. Furthermore, combining the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) with blockchain provides a long-term strategy for data storage and sharing.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Software-Defined Networks and Software-Defined Radios in Maritime Communications
Effective maritime communication is vital for ensuring the safety of crew members, vessels, and cargo. The maritime industry is responsible for the transportation of a significant portion of global trade, and as such, the efficient and secure transfer of information is essential to maintain the flow of goods and services. With the increasing complexity of maritime operations, technological advancements such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and the Internet of Ships (IoS) have been introduced to enhance communication and operational efficiency.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Patent Analysis and Tools
Patent analysis is a field that concerns the analysis of patent records, for the purpose of extracting insights and trends, and it is widely used in various fields. Despite the abundance of proprietary software employed for this purpose, there is currently a lack of easy-to-use and publicly available software that can offer simple and intuitive visualizations, while advocating for open science and scientific software development.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Homothetic Behavior of Betweenness Centralities
       In mathematics, a homothetic behavior is characterized by a transformation of an affine space by a factor λ and results in an invariance of this space form or configuration, albeit its overall scale changes. In this sense, if two objects or parts of those objects have distinct sizes, but conserve the same appearance, they can be considered homothetic. In networks, the occurrence of homothetic behaviors would imply that a section of the network, when modelled independently, ought to retain a certain regularity in their distribution of centrality hierarchies (visual similitude) when compared to a larger section, independently modelled as well, that contains it. Hence, the smaller network maintains its overall proportions (configuration, hierarchies and values) across scales. This visual similitude was perceived while apposing several Normalized Angular Choice (NACH) models, a Space Syntax’ derivative from mathematical betweenness. Network homotheties, due to their invariability in form and value, can be used as an alternative to extensive network generalization for the construction of large spatial networks. Hence, data maps can be constructed sooner and more accurately as “pieces of a puzzle”, since each individual lesser scale graph possesses a faster processing time.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
List of Open Formats
An open format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so that anyone may use them at no monetary cost for any desired purpose. Open formats (in alphabetical order) include:
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hyperledger Fabric
Hyperledger Fabric is a distributed ledger platform for developing applications with modular architecture. Support for pluggable consensus protocols is one of the platforms most distinguished features.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 25
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey