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Topic Review
Silicon Radiation Detectors: Basic Principles and Requirements
Silicon radiation detectors are a special type of microelectronic sensor which plays a crucial role in many applications, from industry to medicine, from cultural heritage to environmental monitoring, homeland security and safety (e.g., in nuclear power plants), to cite but a few, as well as in many fields of fundamental and applied research, including high energy physics (HEP), photon science and astronomy. In this entry, the basic principles and requirements are described, with emphasis on technological aspects. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Nanotechnology Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Challenges
Micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors have made remarkable advancements in the fields of biomedicine and the environment, enabling the sensitive and selective detection and quantification of diverse analytes. In biomedicine, these sensors have facilitated disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and point-of-care devices. In environmental monitoring, they have played a crucial role in assessing air, water, and soil quality, as well as ensured food safety.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Seashell-Based Biocomposite by Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelium
Mycelium biocomposites are eco-friendly, cheap, easy to produce, and have competitive mechanical properties. However, their integration in the built environment as durable and long-lasting materials is not solved yet. Similarly, biocomposites from recycled food waste such as seashells have been gaining increasing interest recently, thanks to their sustainable impact and richness in calcium carbonate and chitin. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Key Drivers of 6G Wireless Communication System
Wireless technology revolutionizes communication by enabling the transfer of data, signals, and information without physical cables or wires. It encompasses wireless communication between devices, utilizing radio frequency waves to create wireless networks that facilitate voice calls, text messaging, data transfer, and other forms of communication. Wireless technology has had a profound impact on personal and professional spheres, providing mobility and convenience, and has evolved through various generations, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and the ongoing development of 6G, to deliver faster speeds, increased capacity, and advanced capabilities.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Sorption of Additives from Microplastics
Although the impacts of plastic pollution have long been recognized, the presence, pervasiveness, and ecotoxicological consequences of microplastic—i.e., plastic particles < 5 mm—contamination have only been explored over the last decade. Far less focus has been attributed to the role of these materials and, particularly, microplastics, as vectors for a multitude of chemicals, including those (un)intentionally added to plastic products, but also organic pollutants already present in the environment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Protease Inhibitors as Antivirals
Viral proteases play a key role in viral replication for all positive single-stranded RNA viruses and some DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses. To treat infections caused by these viruses, proteases are considered excellent drug targets. Protease inhibitors are now routinely used in antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Since SARS-CoV-2 Mpro plays a key role in viral replication by cleaving viral polyproteins, inhibition of its catalytic activity represents an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of COVID-19.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Juniperus turbinata Guss.
Juniperus turbinata Guss. is a native species of Morocco; however, an exhaustive taxonomic description based on phenotypical characterization of north-eastern Moroccan population species is lacking, which might lead to taxonomic confusion.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Glucosinolates (GSs)
Glucosinolates, anionic plant secondary metabolites shared in order Brassicales together with Glucosinolates Hydrolysis Products have recently gained much focus due to their biological activities and mechanisms of action. We reviewed from various scientific databases, the health benefits of GSs/GSHPs, approaches to improve plant contents, their bioavailability, and bioactivity. Findings indicate these compounds (natural, pure, synthetic, and derivatives) play an important role in human/animals (disease therapy and prevention), plant health (defense chemicals, biofumigants/biocides), and food industries (preservatives). Overall, much interest focuses on in vitro studies as anti-cancers and antimicrobials. In plant, GSs/GSHPs improvement utilizes mostly biotic/abiotic stresses and short periods of phytohormones application. Their availability and bioactivity are directly proportional to their contents at the source which is affected by methods of food preparation, processing, and extraction. We, conclude that, to a greater extent, there is a need to explore and improve GSs rich sources, and these should be emphasized to obtain natural bioactive compounds/ active ingredients that can be included among synthetic and commercial products for use in maintaining and promoting health. Furthermore, the development of advanced researches on compounds pharmacokinetics, their molecular mode of action, genetics-based on biosynthesis, their uses in promoting the health of living organisms is highlighted.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Aug 2020
Topic Review
DSP Gene
Desmoplakin: The DSP gene provides instructions for making a protein called desmoplakin. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Uterus Transplantation
Absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) includes congenital uterine malformation and defects, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, which occurs in one in 5000 women; acquired uterine defects caused by treatment of uterine cancers or hysterectomy due to puerperal bleeding; extended uterine myomatosis; and Asherman’s syndrome, in which the endometrium is adhered.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Human Lectins
Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell-cell interactions, signaling pathways, and several innate immune responses against pathogens.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Running Performance Variability
Sports performance is a multifactorial trait, expressed by the interaction of both individual and environmental characteristics. Taking this into account, it is of relevance consider the context where athletes are inserted to better understand variability in the performance, specially in practice mainly performed in outdoor environment, such as running.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophins. Low BDNF concentrations have been noted in patients with traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors and have been associated with the increased risk of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA).
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Multienzymatic Processes Involving Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are flavin-dependent oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing the insertion of an oxygen atom between a carbonylic Csp2 and the Csp3 at the alpha position, therefore transforming linear and cyclic ketones into esters and lactones. These enzymes are dependent on nicotinamides (NAD(P)H) for the flavin reduction and subsequent reaction with molecular oxygen. BVMOs can be included in cascade reactions, coupled to other redox enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) or ene-reductases (EREDs), so that the direct conversion of alcohols or α,β-unsaturated carbonylic compounds to the corresponding esters can be achieved. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
177Lu-PSMA Therapy
177Lu-PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen) therapy is used for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Although there are some different approaches regarding the use of 177Lu-PSMA therapy in different countries, this type of therapy is generally safe, with a low toxicity profile. From the oncological point of view, a PSA (prostate specific antigen) decline of ≥50% was seen in 10.6–69% of patients with mCRPC; whereas progression-free survival (PFS) was reported to be 3–13.7 months in different studies. Consequently, 177Lu-PSMA therapy is a promising treatment in patients with mCRPC, with good clinical efficacy, even in heavily pretreated patients with multiple lines of systemic therapy. Currently, there are ongoing clinical trials in the United States, including a phase III multicenter FDA registration trial. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy and the seventh leading cause of global cancer deaths in industrialised countries. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time tend to develop severe cachexia. A major cause of weight loss is malnutrition. Patients may experience pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) before diagnosis, during nonsurgical treatment, and/or following surgery. PEI is difficult to diagnose because testing is cumbersome. Consequently, PEI is often detected clinically, especially in non-specialised centres, and treated empirically.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Micro-Complication Management—Diabetic Neuropathy
The progression of diabetes leads to macro and microvascular complications, including diabetic neuropathy, which is the most prevalent microvascular complication with diabetes. Clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy begin with the loss of distal sensory function, pain, and substantial morbidity.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The progression of liver tumors is highly influenced by the interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding environment, and, consequently, can determine whether the primary tumor regresses, metastasizes, or establishes micrometastases. In the context of liver cancer, cell death is a double-edged sword. On one hand, cell death promotes inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, which are tightly orchestrated by a variety of resident and infiltrating host cells. On the other hand, targeting cell death in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma could represent an attractive therapeutic approach for limiting tumor growth.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Research Progress of Computational Thinking
Computational Thinking (CT) is a transversal and complex competence that goes beyond the use of computers and writing code. It is considered an ideal medium for the development of 21st-century skills.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Efficacies of Berberine against Neurological Disorders
Neurological disorders refer to any dysfunctions of the nervous system, and mainly include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), dementia, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and brain tumor. The burden of deaths and disabilities caused by neurological disorders has been increasing dramatically, ranking it as the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2040, as many developed countries’ populations age, neurological disorders will overtake cancer to become the second leading cause of death worldwide. Nevertheless, there is no treatment that can cure neurological disorders, and the current treatments mainly target the amelioration of symptoms. Berberine, a natural alkaloid, is mainly isolated from Coptis chinensis, Berberis vulgaris, Hydrastis canadensis, and Phellodendron amurense. For over a thousand years, these herbs have been used for treating diarrhea without any obvious side effects in patients. With the advances of pharmacological research, BBR has been considered as a promising multitarget drug (MTD) for treating neurological disorders.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2022
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