Key Drivers of 6G Wireless Communication System

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Rohit Kumar	--	4175	2023-12-05 18:23:17	\|
2	format	Jason Zhu	Meta information modification	4175	2023-12-06 02:42:27	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su152316387

Wireless technology revolutionizes communication by enabling the transfer of data, signals, and information without physical cables or wires. It encompasses wireless communication between devices, utilizing radio frequency waves to create wireless networks that facilitate voice calls, text messaging, data transfer, and other forms of communication. Wireless technology has had a profound impact on personal and professional spheres, providing mobility and convenience, and has evolved through various generations, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and the ongoing development of 6G, to deliver faster speeds, increased capacity, and advanced capabilities.

6G mobile communication power optimization green base station

1. Introduction

Wireless communication systems have undergone remarkable advancements, and as the future unfolds, the next generation, known as 6G, is poised to bring about transformative changes. 6G promises unparalleled speed, ultra-low latency, and massive device connectivity, opening up new possibilities for artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things. However, amidst this drive for technological progress, the industry recognizes the importance of emphasizing sustainability as a key driver in the development and implementation of 6G wireless communication systems ^[1]. Sustainability serves as a guiding principle to ensure that advancements are not achieved at the expense of environmental degradation or social inequality. The key drivers of sustainability in 6G wireless communication systems encompass various dimensions. Energy efficiency stands at the forefront, addressing the increasing demand for data and the associated energy consumption. Minimizing power usage through advanced techniques and intelligent network optimization algorithms is paramount.

As shown in Figure 1, the six pillars of 6G wireless communication systems encompass crucial aspects of its design and capabilities. They include

Figure 1. Pillars of 6G wireless communication system.

Velocity maximization: Focusing on achieving unprecedented speeds for data transmission;
Ultra-low temporal lag: Aiming for minimal time delays and ultra-low latency.
Hyperconnectivity: Enabling seamless connectivity for a vast number of devices.
Cognitive autonomy: Integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning for intelligent decision-making,
Eco-optimization: Emphasizing energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impact, and
Advanced materialization: Leveraging cutting-edge materials and technologies for enhanced performance.

2. Energy Efficiency and Power Optimization

Energy efficiency and power optimization are crucial focal points in the development of 6G wireless communication systems ^[2], aimed at fostering sustainability and environmentally conscious practices. As the demand for data transmission escalates and the number of connected devices proliferates, it becomes imperative to curtail energy consumption while upholding superior network performance. This section delves into a comprehensive exploration of strategies and technologies that can be employed to achieve exemplary energy efficiency and power optimization within the realm of 6G. The pursuit of energy efficiency encompasses a broad spectrum of considerations, encompassing advanced power management techniques, dynamic energy harvesting, and energy-aware network design and protocols. By implementing sophisticated power management techniques, such as intelligent power allocation, adaptive power control, and energy-saving algorithms ^[3], network components and devices can efficiently harness power resources, thereby mitigating unnecessary energy dissipation.

2.1. Advanced Power Management Techniques

Advanced power management techniques are vital for optimizing energy consumption and ensuring efficient power utilization in 6G wireless communication systems. These techniques, employing sophisticated algorithms and adaptive strategies for power resource allocation, aim to reduce energy wastage, enhance overall energy efficiency, and extend device battery life. Importantly, they play a pivotal role in fostering sustainability within 6G technology. By minimizing energy consumption and aligning with clean and renewable energy sources, these techniques contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of telecommunications infrastructure ^[4]. Furthermore, they promote extended device lifespans, minimize electronic waste, and align with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to clean energy, climate action, and responsible consumption. In doing so, advanced power management techniques not only improve efficiency but also actively engage in environmental stewardship, forging a more responsible and eco-friendly path for the 6G wireless communication landscape.

2.2. Dynamic Energy Harvesting and Wireless Charging

Dynamic energy harvesting refers to the process of capturing and harnessing ambient energy from the surrounding environment to power devices and systems. This technique leverages various energy sources, such as solar radiation, kinetic energy ^[5], thermal gradients, and electromagnetic waves, to convert them into usable electrical energy. Advanced technologies like photovoltaic cells, piezoelectric materials, thermoelectric generators, and RF energy harvesters are employed to capture and convert these energy forms efficiently. Dynamic energy harvesting systems employ sophisticated algorithms and control mechanisms to optimize energy extraction from the environment. By integrating dynamic energy harvesting into 6G wireless communication systems ^[6], devices can operate autonomously, reducing the dependency on traditional power sources and enabling sustainable and self-sufficient operation.

Wireless charging, encompassing inductive, resonant, and radio frequency (RF) energy transfer methods, revolutionizes the transmission of electrical power within 6G wireless communication systems, eliminating the need for physical connections or cumbersome cables. This not only offers convenience but also aligns with sustainability goals. The heart of this innovation lies in the utilization of electromagnetic fields that bridge the gap between a transmitting charging pad and a receiving device, reducing e-waste associated with traditional cables and connectors. As power is transmitted, the charging pad generates alternating current (AC), thereby creating a magnetic field. This magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the receiving device, promoting more efficient use of energy and reducing power wastage. Subsequently, this voltage is rectified and harnessed to replenish the device’s battery, contributing to prolonged device lifespans and responsible consumption practices. Within 6G networks, these wireless charging technologies operate efficiently over short to medium distances, reducing energy transmission losses and supporting the use of renewable energy sources. Moreover, they incorporate sophisticated power management techniques, including adaptive power control and dynamic charging profiles, to enhance energy transfer efficiency, lower energy consumption, and ensure compatibility across a diverse range of devices, thereby promoting eco-friendly practices and a more sustainable technological ecosystem.

Wireless charging in 6G wireless communication systems provides the convenience of charging devices without physical connectors or cables. It enables seamless integration of charging capabilities into various devices and infrastructure, such as smartphones, wearables, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and charging pads embedded in public spaces. Figure 2 depicts the general working of wireless charging. This technology promotes sustainability by reducing e-waste generated by traditional charging methods and supporting the development of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly wireless devices. Each wireless charging standard is listed along with key features, charging power capabilities, supported devices, and compatibility. The “Key Features” column highlights notable characteristics or advantages of each standard, such as adoption rate or specific technology used. The “Charging Power” column specifies the maximum power that can be delivered by the standard. The “Supported Devices” column refers to the types of devices that are commonly compatible with the standard. The “Compatibility” column provides an indication of the overall compatibility of the standard with a range of devices, from widely compatible to limited compatibility.

Figure 2. General working of wireless charging.

2.3. Energy-Aware Network Design and Protocols

This pillar aims to address the increasing energy demands of 6G networks while ensuring optimal performance and sustainability. In the context of 6G, energy-aware network design ^[7] encompasses various considerations, such as the layout of network elements, deployment of low-power base stations, and the selection of energy-efficient hardware components. It involves optimizing network topology to minimize energy consumption, improve coverage, and reduce interference. Moreover, energy-aware design involves the strategic placement of relay nodes, intelligent antenna systems, and small-cell deployments to enhance network capacity and energy efficiency. Figure 3 shows the architecture of an energy-aware 6G network.

Figure 3. Architecture of energy-aware network design.

Energy-aware protocols in 6G networks ^[8] employ advanced techniques to optimize energy consumption without compromising performance. These protocols leverage dynamic power management mechanisms to dynamically adjust the power usage of network elements based on traffic demands. By intelligently powering down underutilized resources, the network can achieve significant energy savings. Additionally, adaptive modulation and coding techniques optimize the transmission parameters, such as modulation schemes and coding rates, based on channel conditions and traffic requirements. This enables efficient use of resources and minimizes energy expenditure during wireless data transmission. Traffic management in energy-aware 6G networks focuses on intelligent routing and scheduling algorithms that optimize the use of network resources while minimizing energy consumption. Advanced load balancing techniques distribute traffic efficiently across network nodes, avoiding congestion and ensuring optimal resource utilization. Additionally, energy-aware traffic management incorporates data compression and aggregation methods to reduce the amount of transmitted data, thereby lowering energy requirements for wireless communication.

By integrating energy-aware network design and protocols into 6G wireless communication systems, significant improvements in energy efficiency, network capacity, and sustainability can be achieved. These approaches ensure that 6G networks can meet the increasing demands of data-intensive applications while minimizing their environmental impact and maximizing resource utilization.

3. Sustainable Infrastructure and Green Networks

This pillar is a fundamental component of 6G, the next generation of wireless communication systems. It places a strong emphasis on creating an environmentally sustainable telecommunications industry that minimizes its carbon footprint and reduces the overall impact on the planet. The expansion of digital connectivity and the ever-increasing demand for data necessitates addressing the environmental challenges associated with the growth of telecommunications infrastructure. The goal of this pillar is to develop and implement sustainable practices and technologies that promote energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and utilize eco-friendly materials throughout the network infrastructure ^[9]. The focus on sustainable infrastructure within 6G aims to optimize the use of resources and minimize waste. This includes designing energy-efficient base stations and antennas that consume less power and operate using renewable energy sources whenever possible. The deployment of green base stations and antennas plays a vital role in reducing the energy consumption and environmental impact of wireless networks. In addition, the pillar underscores the importance of energy-efficient data centers and cloud computing solutions. Data centers form the core of modern telecommunications infrastructure, and their energy consumption can be significant. By adopting energy-efficient practices, such as virtualization and efficient cooling systems, data centers can reduce their power requirements and minimize their environmental impact. Furthermore, the use of renewable energy sources for data centers can contribute to a more sustainable and greener network ecosystem.

3.1. Green Base Stations and Antennas

In the context of 6G wireless communication, “Green Base Stations and Antennas” refer to the development and implementation of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly infrastructure components. These components play a vital role in reducing energy consumption, minimizing carbon emissions, and promoting sustainability in the telecommunications industry. Traditional base stations and antennas used in wireless networks consume significant amounts of energy, resulting in substantial carbon emissions. With the advent of 6G, there is a growing focus on designing base stations and antennas that are more energy-efficient and utilize renewable energy sources whenever possible ^[10]. Green base stations are designed to optimize energy consumption without compromising network performance. They incorporate advanced technologies such as dynamic power management, intelligent power amplifiers, and energy-efficient radio frequency (RF) components. These innovations help reduce power consumption during periods of low network traffic and dynamically adjust power levels based on demand, leading to substantial energy savings. Figure 4 illustrates the overall architecture of green base stations.

Figure 4. Architecture of green base stations.

The integration of green base stations and antennas into 6G wireless communication networks aligns with the industry’s commitment to environmental sustainability. By adopting energy-efficient technologies, optimizing power consumption, and utilizing renewable energy sources, these components contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly telecommunications ecosystem

3.2. Energy-Efficient Data Centers and Cloud Computing

Energy-efficient data centers and cloud computing are integral components of modern technology infrastructure and will play a crucial role as pillars of 6G networks. As the demand for higher data processing capabilities and increased connectivity continues to rise, there are significant challenges in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact that need to be addressed ^[11]. Traditional data centers consume substantial amounts of energy due to the requirements of cooling systems, power distribution, and server operation. This not only leads to higher operational costs but also contributes to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. To tackle these challenges, the concept of energy-efficient data centers has emerged. These data centers focus on minimizing energy usage and optimizing resource utilization without compromising performance.

Cloud computing, which relies on data centers, is a key component of 6G networks. It enables centralized storage, processing, and delivery of services and applications to a wide range of devices. As 6G networks will support more devices and enable real-time, data-intensive applications, cloud computing becomes increasingly vital. The advantages of cloud computing in the context of 6G include scalability, edge computing integration, service virtualization, and resource sharing ^[12]. Cloud computing allows for dynamic allocation of resources based on demand, enabling seamless scalability to accommodate the requirements of a vast number of connected devices. Integrating cloud computing with edge computing enables data processing and storage at the network edge, reducing latency and enhancing performance for time-critical applications. As depicted in Figure 5, the 6G cloud-native system aims to establish a wide-area cloud infrastructure that seamlessly integrates the computing capabilities of mobile devices, mobile networks (including radio access network (RAN) cloud and core network (CN) cloud), and data centers. This unified cloud environment facilitates the efficient sharing of computing resources and enables the provision of comprehensive computing services to user applications.

Figure 5. Cloud computing integrated 6G network architecture.

The system architecture illustrates the integration of computing resources from mobile devices, RAN clouds, CN clouds, and data centers into a distributed cloud that spans a wide geographic area. This departure from existing technologies, where clouds are typically situated in the data network beyond the mobile core network, emphasizes the goal of creating a unified computing cloud that encompasses the diverse functionalities of data centers.

The 6G system is designed to be built upon cloud infrastructure, meticulously optimized to support ubiquitous computing, and inherently capable of delivering a range of computing services, including infrastructure services, platform services, and software services. Subscribers of these cloud computing services can encompass mobile devices, mobile device vendors, application developers, and cloud service providers (CSPs).

3.3. Eco-Friendly Materials for Network Components

The concept of “Eco-Friendly Materials for Network Components” focuses on the use of environmentally sustainable and low-impact materials in the design and manufacturing of various network components and infrastructure required for 6G networks. With increasing global concern about the environmental impact of technology and the urgent need to address climate change, industries, including telecommunications, are recognizing the importance of implementing sustainable practices. As 6G networks will require the deployment of a vast number of base stations, antennas, and other network infrastructure components, using eco-friendly materials in their construction can significantly reduce the environmental footprint. This involves considering the use of recycled or recyclable materials, such as sustainable plastics or metals, to minimize waste generation and promote a circular economy. Energy efficiency is another critical aspect of 6G networks. By employing eco-friendly materials in the design and manufacturing of network components, energy consumption during operation can be reduced, thereby contributing to the overall energy efficiency goals of 6G. Lightweight and energy-efficient materials can help achieve this objective, thereby minimizing the carbon footprint. Moreover, emphasizing sustainable manufacturing practices is crucial. This involves reducing waste, optimizing energy usage, and adopting cleaner production techniques during the manufacturing processes of network components.

4. Circular Economy and E-Waste Management

The principles of the circular economy and effective e-waste management play crucial roles in the development and implementation of 6G networks. As technology evolves and the demand for electronic devices increases, it becomes imperative to adopt sustainable practices that minimize waste generation and maximize resource efficiency ^[13]. This section explores key aspects related to circular economy and e-waste management in the context of 6G, including end-of-life device recycling programs, reuse and refurbishment initiatives, and circular design principles for network equipment. These pillars contribute to reducing electronic waste, promoting resource conservation, and fostering a more sustainable and responsible approach to the lifecycle of network components and devices in the 6G ecosystem.

4.1. End-of-Life Device Recycling Programs

End-of-life device recycling programs hold significant importance in 6G networks. As the telecommunications industry moves towards the development and implementation of 6G technology, it is essential to address the environmental impact associated with the disposal of electronic devices specifically designed for 6G networks. 6G networks will involve the deployment of advanced devices, such as high-performance smartphones, IoT devices, and specialized network equipment. These devices will possess cutting-edge technologies and components, including advanced processors, high-resolution displays, and specialized antennas. As these devices reach their end-of-life stage, it becomes imperative to manage their disposal effectively to minimize environmental harm and promote sustainability.

4.2. Reuse and Refurbishment Initiatives

Reuse and refurbishment initiatives are vital components of sustainable practices in the context of 6G networks. These initiatives focus on extending the lifespan of electronic devices and network equipment by repairing, refurbishing, and redistributing them instead of disposing of them when they are no longer needed or functional. One of the key advantages of reuse and refurbishment initiatives is their ability to conserve valuable resources. By prolonging the use of electronic devices, the demand for raw materials and the associated environmental impact of resource extraction and manufacturing are significantly reduced. Reuse and refurbishment initiatives contribute to a circular economy approach where devices are kept in circulation for as long as possible, minimizing the need for new production and reducing the overall environmental footprint of the industry ^[14]. Furthermore, these initiatives play a crucial role in minimizing electronic waste. Discarded electronic devices, if not properly managed, can contribute to a significant amount of e-waste. By refurbishing and repairing devices, their useful life can be extended, reducing the amount of electronic waste generated. This is particularly important considering the rapid pace of technological advancements and the resulting high turnover rate of electronic devices. Reuse and refurbishment initiatives help mitigate the environmental and health hazards associated with improper e-waste disposal and the release of hazardous materials into the environment.

The global generation and recycling of electronic waste, or e-waste, in 2019 is shown in Figure 6. The majority of e-waste was generated in Asia, amounting to 24.9 million metric tons. On a per capita basis, however, Europe produced the highest amount of e-waste at 16.2 kg per person. Europe also boasted the highest documented rate of formally collecting and recycling e-waste, with a rate of 42.5%. In contrast, other continents had significantly lower rates of formally collected and recycled e-waste compared to their estimated e-waste generation. Presently, statistics indicate that in 2019, Asia ranked second in terms of e-waste generation, accounting for 11.7% of the global total. The Americas and Oceania followed closely at 9.4% and 8.8%, respectively, while Africa had the lowest contribution at 0.9%. It is important to note that these statistics can vary significantly across different regions due to various factors such as income levels, existing policies, and the structure of waste management systems. These factors play a significant role in shaping consumption and disposal behaviors. In the case of 6G devices, end-of-life recycling programs would involve the careful dismantling and disassembly of devices to separate various components and materials. The focus would be on recovering valuable resources such as precious metals, rare earth elements, and other critical materials used in the construction of these devices. Recycling technologies that maximize resource recovery and minimize environmental impact would be employed to extract these valuable materials efficiently. The procedure of device recycling is illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 6. E-waste generation and recycling over the world.

Figure 7. Flowchart of end-of-life device recycling programs.

4.3. Circular Design Principles for Network Equipment

Circular design principles for network equipment in 6G networks prioritize resource efficiency, waste reduction, and responsible end-of-life management. These principles aim to optimize the lifespan and environmental impact of network equipment. Modularity is a key aspect, enabling easy repair and component replacement, extending the equipment’s lifespan, and reducing the need for complete replacements. Recyclability is another focus, ensuring that equipment is designed with recyclable materials for efficient recovery and reuse of resources. Easy disassembly further facilitates recycling processes. Energy efficiency is emphasized to reduce the overall energy footprint of network equipment. This involves using energy-efficient components, implementing smart power management systems, and employing advanced cooling technologies. Furthermore, circular design principles promote the reduction of hazardous materials, ensuring the safety of workers and end-users, as well as facilitating proper recycling and disposal. To implement circular design principles effectively, collaboration among stakeholders is vital. Device manufacturers, network operators, policymakers, and standards organizations need to work together to establish guidelines, standards, and incentives. Innovation and research in sustainable materials and manufacturing processes also play a significant role.

5. AI/ML Integration for the Future

AI/ML integration in wireless communication, as researchers approach the 6G era, extends its significance beyond technological advancement to embrace sustainability. These integrations offer opportunities to optimize resource usage, curtail energy consumption, and reduce the carbon footprint. Through smart power management, AI/ML dynamically adjusts power consumption in response to real-time network demands, fostering energy efficiency and minimizing waste. This resource-aware approach resonates with sustainability objectives, promoting responsible energy consumption ^[15]^[16]. Predictive maintenance driven by AI can further extend the lifespan of network equipment, reducing electronic waste. By identifying issues in real time and enabling timely repairs, AI/ML mitigates the need for premature equipment replacements, aligning with circular economy principles. AI/ML integration enables the development of context-aware and personalized services. By leveraging AI algorithms, wireless communication systems can gather contextual information about users, such as their locations, preferences, and behavior, to deliver personalized experiences. This enables the creation of tailored services and applications that cater to individual needs and provide highly relevant content and recommendations. For instance, AI-powered virtual assistants can understand user preferences, anticipate their requirements, and proactively provide personalized suggestions or assistance.

5.1. Intelligent Network Optimization and Automation

Intelligent network optimization and automation refer to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques to optimize and automate the management and operation of networks ^[17]. This approach aims to enhance network performance, improve efficiency, and reduce manual intervention in network operations. AI/ML algorithms can analyze large volumes of network data, including performance metrics, traffic patterns, and user behavior, to identify patterns, correlations, and anomalies. By learning from historical data, these algorithms can make accurate predictions and recommendations to optimize network performance. They can dynamically adjust network parameters such as routing, bandwidth allocation, load balancing, and resource management to ensure optimal utilization and improve overall network efficiency. Moreover, intelligent network optimization can enhance the quality of service (QoS) for end-users. AI/ML algorithms can learn from user behavior, preferences, and feedback to provide personalized and context-aware services. By understanding user demands and adapting network resources accordingly, the algorithms can ensure a seamless and satisfactory user experience. automation is another crucial aspect of intelligent network optimization. AI/ML algorithms can automate routine network management tasks, such as configuration, provisioning, fault detection, and troubleshooting. In fact, the entire 6G communication and networking protocol stack can be enhanced by leveraging AI, as illustrated in Figure 8. This reduces the dependence on manual intervention and frees up network administrators to focus on more complex and strategic tasks.

Figure 8. Application of AI in different layers of 6G communication networking protocol stack.

5.2. Context-Aware and Personalized Services

Context-aware services refer to the ability of the system to understand and utilize information about the user’s environment, location, time, social interactions, and other relevant factors. This contextual information can be obtained from various sources, such as sensors, IoT devices, user profiles, and historical data. AI/ML algorithms are employed to analyze this rich set of data and derive meaningful insights about the user’s context. With the availability of context information, 6G systems can deliver personalized services that cater to the specific requirements and preferences of individual users. AI/ML techniques play a crucial role in analyzing user behavior, preferences, and historical data to understand their needs and interests. This information is then utilized to provide personalized recommendations, content, and services. The integration of AI/ML in context-aware and personalized services is crucial for enabling the system to continuously learn and adapt to the evolving needs and preferences of users. By analyzing user feedback, behavior patterns, and contextual changes, the system can refine its understanding and improve the accuracy of personalized recommendations and services over time.

5.3. Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Management

Cognitive radio refers to a wireless communication system that can intelligently perceive and adapt to its operating environment by dynamically sensing and accessing available spectrum bands opportunistically. It is equipped with cognitive capabilities that allow it to monitor spectrum occupancy, detect unused or underutilized frequency bands, and opportunistically utilize them without causing harmful interference to licensed users ^[18]. In 6G, cognitive radio becomes even more crucial as the demand for wireless communication services continues to increase. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, autonomous vehicles, and advanced multimedia applications, the radio spectrum has become a scarce resource. cognitive radio techniques, empowered by AI and ML algorithms, can address the spectrum scarcity challenge effectively. One of the key objectives of cognitive radio in 6G is spectrum management. This involves intelligent and dynamic allocation of spectrum resources to different users, applications, and services based on their requirements and priorities. AI/ML algorithms can learn from historical spectrum usage patterns, predict future demands, and optimize spectrum allocation in real time. This allows for the efficient sharing of spectrum resources among multiple users and enables dynamic spectrum access, ensuring optimal utilization and minimizing spectrum wastage.

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Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Rohit Kumar

Saurav Kumar Gupta

Hwang-Cheng Wang

C. Shyamala Kumari

Sai Srinivas Vara Prasad Korlam

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Update Date: 06 Dec 2023

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