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Topic Review
Solketal
Solketal (CAS 100–79–8) has low viscosity at room temperature (~11 cP) and freezing, boiling, and flash points of about −26 °C, 190 °C, and 80 °C, respectively. The density is 1.06 g/cm3 and the vapor pressure is 107.32 mmHg. It has low toxicity, slight odor, and it is non-irritant for humans; due to these characteristics and to the renewable origin, it is considered an environmentally friendly substance. It is completely miscible in water and in most organic compounds, which endows its solvent capacity.
  • 4.9K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Meta-Intelligence
The concept of meta-intelligence is as a way of understanding the relations of control and coordination among creative, analytical, practical, and wisdom-based approaches to problem solving (Sternberg n.d.b). An approach involves a complex of intellectual skills and attitudes applied to one or more problems.
  • 4.9K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Proto-Philippine
The Proto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages, a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages which includes all languages within the Philippines (except for the Sama–Bajaw languages) as well as those within the northern portions of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Pandurang Shastri Athavale (19 October 1920 – 25 October 2003), also known as Dadaji, which literally translates as "elder brother" in Marathi, was an Indian activist, philosopher, spiritual leader, social revolutionary,[1] and religion reformist, who founded the Swadhyaya Parivar (Swadhyaya Family) in 1954.[2] Swadhyaya is a self-study process based on the Bhagavad Gita which has spread acros
  • 4.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
EBV Lytic Induction therapy
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic induction therapy is an emerging virus-targeted therapeutic approach that exploits the presence of EBV in tumor cells to confer specific killing effects against EBV-associated malignancies. Efforts have been made in the past years to uncover the mechanisms of EBV latent-lytic switch and discover different classes of chemical compounds that can reactivate the EBV lytic cycle. Despite the growing list of compounds showing potential to be used in the lytic induction therapy, only a few are being tested in clinical trials with varying degrees of success. This review will summarize the current knowledge on EBV lytic reactivation, the major hurdles of translating the lytic induction therapy into clinical settings and highlight some potential strategies in the future development of this therapy for EBV-related lymphoid and epithelial malignancies.
  • 4.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds
Heterocyclic compounds are a class of compounds of natural origin with favorable properties and hence have major pharmaceutical significance. They have an exceptional adroitness favoring their use as diverse smart biomimetics, in addition to possessing an active pharmacophore in a complex structure. This has made them an indispensable motif in the drug discovery field. Heterocyclic compounds are usually classified according to the ring size, type, and the number of heteroatoms present in the ring.
  • 4.9K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wake
In fluid dynamics, a wake may either be: 1. the region of recirculating flow immediately behind a moving or stationary blunt body, caused by viscosity, which may be accompanied by flow separation and turbulence, or 2. the wave pattern on the water surface downstream of an object in a flow, or produced by a moving object (e.g. a ship), caused by density differences of the fluids above and below the free surface and gravity (or surface tension).
  • 4.9K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Windows 10 Version History (Version 1903)
The Windows 10 May 2019 Update (also known as version 1903 and codenamed "19H1") is the seventh major update to Windows 10 and the first to use a more descriptive codename (including the year and the order released) instead of the "Redstone" or "Threshold" codename. It carries the build number 10.0.18362.
  • 4.9K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
North–South Commuter Railway
The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), also known as the Clark–Calamba Railway, is a 148 km (92 mi) urban rail transit line being constructed in Luzon. It will run from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna with 36 stations, with historic stations to be restored. Originally planned in the 1990s, the project has been repetitively halted after disagreements on funding and allegations of overpricing. The first proposal was the 32 km (20 mi) "Manila–Clark rapid railway" with Spain, and during the 2000s, the NorthRail project with China that was discontinued in 2011. The present line is under the Duterte administration and is to be aided with Japanese financing. It was initially reported to have a total length of 180 km (110 mi), though it was reduced to 148 kilometers (92 mi) after a segment to Los Baños was scrapped. The railway system is expected to cost ₱777.55 billion (US$14.95 billion), making it one of the most expensive projects of the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program. Partial operations will begin by 2021, and full operations is expected to begin by 2025. The NSCR will comprise two sections corresponding to the Philippine National Railways' old main lines; the 91 km (57 mi) fully-elevated NSCR North which is being built over the mostly-defunct North Main Line in northern Metro Manila and Central Luzon, and the 56 km (35 mi) NSCR South which will use the existing PNR Metro Commuter Line infrastructure between Tutuban and Calamba, which were historically parts of the South Main Line and will have elevated, at-grade and depressed sections. The project's construction is divided into three phases with the NSCR North being separated between the 38 km (24 mi) NSCR North 1 commuter line between Tutuban and Malolos, and the 53 kilometres (33 mi) NSCR North 2 regional line from Malolos to New Clark City. It will also be linked to existing and future railway lines such as Line 8, Line 9, the Calamba–Bicol South Main Line and Calamba–Batangas City Railway.
  • 4.9K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strain
In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal energy which an unstrained molecule does not. This extra internal energy, or strain energy, can be likened to a compressed spring. Much like a compressed spring must be held in place to prevent release of its potential energy, a molecule can be held in an energetically unfavorable conformation by the bonds within that molecule. Without the bonds holding the conformation in place, the strain energy would be released.
  • 4.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smart Street Light Control
A smart streetlight (SSL) is defined as a LED-equipped lighting system that can monitor and control lighting based on environmental conditions. It is part of a network-based system, capable of sending and receiving data, and features sensors and actuators for various functions like traffic and light sensing, environmental monitoring, and more.
  • 4.9K
  • 07 Nov 2023
Biography
Hans Geiger
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a pr
  • 4.9K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Behaviorally Stretched Microeconomics
A common misconception is that behavioral economics rejects microeconomics. This entry explains how behavioral economics, despite challenging core assumptions of rationality, remains fundamentally aligned with the structure of microeconomics. Anchored in the insight that rational market outcomes can emerge even when individual behavior is non-rational, it revisits the explanatory role of constraints in economic theory. Rather than displacing microeconomics, behavioral economics extends it by incorporating bounded rationality while preserving key structural principles. Central to this integration is Say’s law, the macro-level notion that production generates income and thus the capacity for demand. This connection makes microeconomic constraints reflect deeper macroeconomic principles. Even when market behavior is distorted by correlated cognitive biases and their associated positive feedback dynamics—such as herding or bubbles—the fundamental identity that supply generates the income necessary for demand remains intact, provided that adjustments occur over the long run. The analysis also considers how behavioral deviations affect aggregate outcomes. Ultimately, this entry shows that behavioral economics is not a departure from microeconomics but its natural extension: by embedding bounded rationality within the framework of economic constraints, it preserves the structural coherence of microeconomics while adding psychological depth.
  • 4.9K
  • 17 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Scopophobia
Scopophobia, scoptophobia, or ophthalmophobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by a morbid fear of being seen in public or stared at by others. Similar phobias include erythrophobia, the fear of blushing, and an epileptic's fear of being looked at, which may itself precipitate such an attack. Scopophobia is also commonly associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Often scopophobia will result in symptoms common with other anxiety disorders. Scopophobia is unique among phobias in that the fear of being looked at is considered both a social phobia and a specific phobia.
  • 4.9K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spider Silk with Inorganic Nanomaterials
High-performance functional biomaterials are becoming increasingly requested. Numerous natural and artificial polymers have already demonstrated their ability to serve as a basis for bio-composites. Spider silk offers a unique combination of desirable aspects such as biocompatibility, extraordinary mechanical properties, and tunable biodegradability, which are superior to those of most natural and engineered materials. Modifying spider silk with various inorganic nanomaterials with specific properties has led to the development of the hybrid materials with improved functionality. The purpose of using these inorganic nanomaterials is primarily due to their chemical nature, enhanced by large surface areas and quantum size phenomena. Functional properties of nanoparticles can be implemented to macro-scale components to produce silk-based hybrid materials, while spider silk fibers can serve as a matrix to combine the benefits of the functional components. Therefore, it is not surprising that hybrid materials based on spider silk and inorganic nanomaterials are considered extremely promising for potentially attractive applications in various fields, from optics and photonics to tissue regeneration. This review summarizes and discusses evidence of the use of various kinds of inorganic compounds in spider silk modification intended for a multitude of applications. It also provides an insight into approaches for obtaining hybrid silk-based materials via 3D printing.
  • 4.9K
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Problems
In 2013, the second year of service for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a widebody jet airliner and several aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium-ion batteries. Incidents included an electrical fire aboard an All Nippon Airways 787 and a similar fire found by maintenance workers on a parked Japan Airlines 787 at Boston's Logan International Airport. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered a review into the design and manufacture of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, followed by a full grounding of the entire Boeing 787 fleet, the first such grounding since that of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1979. The plane has had two major battery thermal runaway events in 52,000 flight hours, which was substantially less than the 10 million flight hours predicted by Boeing, neither of which were contained safely. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a report on December 1, 2014, and assigned blame to several groups:
  • 4.9K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Odor Measurement Methods
Odor pollution related to industrial activities (e.g., chemical industries, oil and gas extraction and refining facilities, waste treatment and disposal facilities) is nowadays acknowledged as a serious environmental concern. Indeed, odors are currently subjected to control and regulation in many countries. Such regulations rely on the possibility of measuring odors. The methods that have been developed and standardized over the last years to measure odors, thereby including sensorial and instrumental techniques, are here described, thereby focusing on their applicability and limitations.
  • 4.9K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dental Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Based Resin
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based resins have been conventionally used in dental prostheses owing to their good biocompatibility. However, PMMA-based resins have relatively poor mechanical properties. The filler was incorporated in the photocurable PMMA-based resin to improve the mechanical and physicochemical properties. The filler-loaded PMMA-based resin has the potential for use in dental restorative materials.
  • 4.9K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
False Vacuum
In quantum field theory, a false vacuum is a hypothetical vacuum that is somewhat, but not entirely, stable. It may last for a very long time in that state, and might eventually move to a more stable state. The most common suggestion of how such a change might happen is called bubble nucleation – if a small region of the universe by chance reached a more stable vacuum, this "bubble" (also called "bounce") would spread. A false vacuum exists at a local minimum of energy and is therefore not stable, in contrast to a true vacuum, which exists at a global minimum and is stable. It may be very long-lived, or metastable.
  • 4.9K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Compaq Presario 2200
The Compaq Presario 2200 is a small form factor desktop PC produced by Compaq from 1997 to 1998. It was produced as a slim, small form factor machine mainly intended for budget-minded consumers. When launched, it had 16 MB of EDO DRAM that was expandable up to 80 MB and a Cyrix MediaGXi microprocessor, clocking at 180 MHz. It did not include an Ethernet port; however, the modem can be swapped out for a compatible 8-bit ISA Ethernet card to allow the computer to be connected to the Internet or a LAN network. There are no USB ports on the computer, even though the small metal flap might suggest that Compaq considered installing USB ports during the time the computer was developed. This computer model is not to be confused with the newer Compaq Presario 2200 laptop computer.
  • 4.9K
  • 09 Nov 2022
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