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Topic Review
Aluminium Oxide
The promising techniques of obtaining AO adsorbents are discussed, namely the technique of thermal activation in the mode of pneumatic transport with gibbsite by heated air (TCA Gb) and the technique of thermal activation of gibbsite in centrifugal flash reactors (CTA Gb).
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
AhR, NLRP3 Inflammasome and IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gut that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). with colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) being a progressive intestinal inflammation due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While this is an exemplification of the negatives of inflammation, it is just as crucial to have some degree of the inflammatory process to maintain a healthy immune system. A pivotal component in the maintenance of such intestinal homeostasis is the innate immunity component, inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are large, cytosolic protein complexes formed following stimulation of microbial and stress signals that lead to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been extensively studied in part due to its strong association with colitis and CAC. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has recently been acknowledged for its connection to the immune system aside from its role as an environmental sensor. AhR has been described to play a role in the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway. The NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the most extensively studied NLRs due to its clinical relevance in a wide range of human diseases. This 115 kDa cytosolic protein complex consists of a triadic constitution; the NACHT scaffold which serves as a central oligomerization domain with an ATPase activity, the N-terminal PYCARD adaptor which recruits the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and the C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) which are thought to be involved in detecting stimuli.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Skin and soft tissue infections are one of the most frequent types of infection, typically requiring medical intervention and contribute to morbidity and mortality in both primary care and hospitalised patients. Current antiseptics used in prevention are mainly formulated as traditional, simple dosage forms such as solutions and semi-solids. In recent years, there have been studies reporting the potential for nanotechnology ito improve the delivery of antiseptics.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Adipocyte Browning
The role of brown adipocytes in thermogenesis is a potential target for preventing obesity. Obesity results from adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia caused by a severe energy imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. To achieve both safety and multifunctionality, many in vitro and in vivo studies have focused on finding food extracts or natural products for stimulating adipocyte browning (elevating beige adipocyte differentiation and functions) and combating obesity and related metabolic diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin in Retinal Diseases
The retina is subjected to oxidative stress due to its high vascularization, long time light exposition and a high density of mitochondria. Oxidative stress can lead to pathological processes, like cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation ending in retinal pathologies. Curcumin, a major bioactive component obtained from the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome has been used for centuries in Asian countries for cooking and for curing all kinds of diseases like dysentery, chest congestion and pain in general, due to its antioxidant effects. Curcumin prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species and so it is a good protective agent. Curcumin has shown also anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Curcumin is a natural product, which can be a therapeutic option in a variety of retinal diseases due to its pleiotropic properties. Some drawbacks are its poor solubility, bioavailability and lack of stability at physiological conditions; which have been shown in curcumin skeptical publications.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cytolethal Distending Toxin
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is considered as a virulence factor. In human cells, CDT exposure leads to a unique cytotoxicity associated with a characteristic cell distension and induces a cell cycle arrest dependent on the DNA damage response (DDR) triggered by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). CDT has thus been classified as a cyclomodulin and a genotoxin.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Phenotype in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by loss of function of PKD1 (polycystin 1) or PKD2 (polycystin 2). The Ca2+-activated Cl− channel TMEM16A has a central role in ADPKD. Expression and function of TMEM16A is upregulated in ADPKD which causes enhanced intracellular Ca2+ signaling, cell proliferation, and ion secretion. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of several disorders, such as hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cistus sp.
Cistusis a Mediterranean native genus of shrubs belonging to the familyCistaceae. Species of this genus can grow during hot summers and after wildfires.Cistusspecies are most widespread in the Mediterranean region, whilst some of them are endemic.Cistusplants can grow under slightly different environmental conditions. Most species are very fragrant and sweet-smelling.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Toxins and Immunomodulation
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria–host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. Focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host’s immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sensing and Detection of Viruses
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a virus that belongs to the coronavirus family that provokes respiratory illness in humans. It was transmitted from animals to humans in a mutated form and was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19, a disease named by the World Health Organization on 11 February 2020.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Human Norovirus GII.3
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a group of non-enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Norovirus genus in the Caliciviridae family, and they are the leading cause of sporadic and epidemic nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in humans.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Force Microscopy on Nanofibers
Magnetic force microscopy is a magnetic characterization method of samples usually with a maximum of a few ten nanometers surface roughness. It works by measuring an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the surface topography of a sample, followed by lifting the probe to avoid short-range van der Waals interactions between the tip and sample and instead measuring the long-range magnetic interactions. In addition to this simplest form of magnetic force microscopy (MFM), there are more sophisticated ones, including frequency-modulated Kelvin probe force MFM, dynamic magneto-electric force microscopy, phase-locked loop methods, and even measurements in different environments, e.g., in liquids, that have been shown.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in the Brain
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial contributors to the age-dependent decline in all tissues. Neural tissue, one of the main oxygen consumers in the mammalian body, is especially prone to reactive species-mediated damage. Brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by specific enzymatic systems, including complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, multienzyme flavin-containing complexes, monoamine and xanthine oxidases, microglial and endothelial NADPH oxidases and cyclooxygenases in addition to non-enzymatic and potentially uncontrolled mechanisms of ROS production, such as autooxidation of quinones or other aromatic compounds. Nitric oxide produced by nitric oxide synthases powers the conversion of ROS into reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Both ROS and RNS play important signaling roles and are also capable of modifying other molecules such as proteins, nucleic and fatty acids, lipids and carbohydrates. The antioxidant system, comprising low molecular mass antioxidants (e.g., tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione) and high molecular mass antioxidants such as enzymes (e.g., catalases, peroxidases, superoxide dismutases) and others, protects cells from potential damage caused by ROS or RNS. Powering antioxidant systems by NADPH provides neural tissue with defense against ROS but may also trigger ROS production by NADPH oxidases and cyclooxygenases. In turn, mitochondria start using ketone bodies as an energy source under certain conditions. Increased steady-state levels of ROS and RNS, along with the aforementioned ROS-modified molecules, activate the organisms’ immune system including brain’s microglia.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Soft Templates for Fabricating 3D Nanostructures
Just like rigid templates, there are numerous types of soft templates, including electron resist polymer, photoresist polymer, and various assembled polymers consisting of block polymer, fiber or membrane, polystyrene (PS) sphere, and so forth. These versatile soft templates can be used in the ALA method and have broad prospects for development in powerful fabrication of multiple nanostructures, which possess a lot of advantages, such as simple process, good flexibility, repeatable simplicity of the process, and environmentally friendly easy elimination of the templates, resulting in diversiform 3D nanostructures with numerous device applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)  Application in Cancer Immunotherapy
Clinical application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immunotherapy to treat and manage many cancers has been successfully established in recent years. Primary solid tumors have been effectively treated and managed with antibody-chemotherapy conjugates. The development and establishment of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies require a complete understanding of tumor heterogeneity, intra-tumoral factors, protein engineering, and the interaction between cancer cells and the immune system. Researchers have now developed mAbs that target specific antigens in cancer cells and inhibit signals responsible for tumor growth and invasion. Monoclonal antibodies are simply synthetic proteins employed as immunotherapies to treat and manage some, but not all, cancers. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in four different forms, including murine, chimeric, humanized, and human.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Holeum
Holeums are hypothetical stable, quantized gravitational bound states of primordial or micro black holes. Holeums were proposed by L. K. Chavda and Abhijit Chavda in 2002. They have all the properties associated with cold dark matter. Holeums are not black holes, even though they are made up of black holes.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Toxic Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) comprises a combination of two or three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that are administered together in a single tablet. These drugs target different steps within the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle, providing either a synergistic or additive antiviral effect; this enhances the efficiency in which viral replication is suppressed. HIV cannot be completely eliminated, making HAART a lifetime treatment. With long-term HAART usage, an increasing number of patients experience a broadening array of complications, and this significantly affects their quality of life, despite cautious use. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Alpha Indexes
Nasdaq OMX Alpha Indexes measure the relative performance of an underlying stock or exchange-traded fund (ETF) against another benchmark ETF using a proprietary calculation. The first component in the index is the “Target Component”, such as Apple (AAPL), and the second component is identified as a “Benchmark Component”, such as the S&P 500 ETF (SPY). The Nasdaq OMX Alpha Indexes were developed by Jacob S. Sagi and Robert E. Whaley, both professors at the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University. They published a research paper “Trading Relative Performance with Alpha Indexes” in the November/ December 2011 issue of Financial Analysts Journal detailing the concept behind Alpha Indexes. Nasdaq OMX launched the live calculation and dissemination of Alpha Indexes on October 11, 2010. The Alpha Indexes were set at 100.00 as of January 1, 2010. Thus each disseminated index depicts a target component’s return performance versus its benchmark since January 1, 2010. For example, the Alpha Index for AAPL with SPY as the benchmark, which trades under the symbol AVSPY, had a level of 199.91 on 11/09/12. This means that over the period between 1/1/2010 until 11/09/2012 an investment in AAPL outperformed an investment in SPY by +99.91%
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Internet Booking Engine
An Internet booking engine (IBE) is a website that allows consumers and travel agents to book flights, hotels, holiday packages, insurance and other services online.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
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