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Topic Review
Notch3 in the Development of Cystic Kidney Diseases
Cystic kidney diseases, hereditary or acquired, are characterized by fluid-filled cysts. This pathology affecting millions of people worldwide leads to progressive loss of renal function. The present study demonstrates that abnormal activation in the renal epithelium of Notch3, a membrane receptor normally regulating vascular development and reactivity, participates in the formation of renal cysts, and thus adds a new factor in the mechanism(s) of progression of these incurable diseases.
  • 544
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience a high accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), specifically indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS). In the early stages of CKD, the buildup of PBUTs inhibits bone and muscle function. As CKD progresses, elevated PBUT levels further hinder bone turnover and exacerbate muscle wasting. In the late stage of CKD, hyperparathyroidism worsens PBUT-induced muscle damage but can improve low bone turnover. PBUTs play a significant role in reducing both the quantity and quality of bone by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast lineage. IS, in particular, interferes with osteoblastogenesis by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, which reduces the expression of Runx2 and impedes osteoblast differentiation. High PBUT levels can also reduce calcitriol production, increase the expression of Wnt antagonists (SOST, DKK1), and decrease klotho expression, all of which contribute to low bone turnover disorders. Furthermore, PBUT accumulation leads to continuous muscle protein breakdown through the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines.
  • 543
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Bladder Cancer
Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been increasingly used in bladder cancer staging to improve the accuracy of lymph node detection and to overcome the lack of sensitivity and the understaging showed by conventional imaging. Lymph node (LN) involvement is a crucial determinant of prognosis for patients with bladder cancer, and an accurate staging is of utmost importance to better identify timely and appropriate therapeutic strategies. To improve the accuracy of LN detection, as an alternative to traditional methods such as CT or MRI, 18F-FDG PET/CT has been increasingly used. 18F-FDG PET/CT is also used in post-treatment restaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
  • 535
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Natural Products in Renal-Associated Drug Discovery
The global increase in the incidence of kidney failure constitutes a major public health problem. Kidney disease is classified into acute and chronic: acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with an abrupt decline in kidney function and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with chronic renal failure for more than three months. Although both kidney syndromes are multifactorial, inflammation and oxidative stress play major roles in the diversity of processes leading to these kidney malfunctions.
  • 530
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis
Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most prevalent male malignancies, accounting for a considerable number of annual mortalities. However, the prompt identification of early-stage CaP often faces delays due to diverse factors, including socioeconomic inequalities. 
  • 527
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bladder Epicheck Test
Bladder cancer and upper urothelial tract carcinoma are common diseases with a high risk of recurrence, thus necessitating follow-up after initial treatment. The management of non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) after transurethral resection involves surveillance, intravesical therapy, and cytology with cystoscopy. Urinary cytology, cystoscopy, and radiological evaluation of the upper urinary tract are recommended during follow-up in the international urological guidelines. Cystoscopy is the standard examination for the first assessment and follow-up of NMIBC, and urine cytology is a widely used urinary test with high sensitivity for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS). Various urinary assays, including DNA methylation markers, have been used to detect bladder tumors. Among these, the Bladder EpiCheck test is one of the most widely used and is based on analysis of the methylation profile of urothelial cells to detect bladder neoplasms. 
  • 526
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis
Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (USPD) is defined as peritoneal dialysis initiated within 14 days of catheter insertion.
  • 525
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urinary Peptide and Proteomic Biomarkers in CKD
Biomarker development, improvement, and clinical implementation in the context of kidney disease have been a central focus of biomedical research. Only serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion are well-accepted biomarkers in kidney disease. With their known blind spot in the early stages of kidney impairment and their diagnostic limitations, there is a need for better and more specific biomarkers. With the rise in large-scale analyses of the thousands of peptides in serum or urine samples using mass spectrometry techniques, hopes for biomarker development are high. Advances in proteomic research have led to the discovery of an increasing amount of potential proteomic biomarkers and the identification of candidate biomarkers for clinical implementation in the context of kidney disease management.
  • 521
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Urethral Mesh Assessment in Cancer Patients
Urethral mesh placement has become a common surgical intervention for the management of stress urinary incontinence. While this procedure offers significant benefits, it is not without potential complications. By understanding the spectrum of normal findings of urethral mesh and the possible complications, clinicians can improve patient outcomes and make inf
  • 511
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Characteristics of Molecularly Defined Renal Cell Carcinomas
Kidney tumors comprise a broad spectrum of different histopathological entities, with more than 0.4 million newly diagnosed cases each year, mostly in middle-aged and older men. Based on the description of the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), some new categories of tumor types have been added according to their specific molecular typing. However, studies on these types of RCC are still superficial, many types of these RCC currently lack accurate diagnostic standards in the clinic, and treatment protocols are largely consistent with the treatment guidelines for clear cell RCC (ccRCC), which might result in worse treatment outcomes for patients with these types of molecularly defined RCC. 
  • 506
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Non-Stem Cell-Based Urethral Regenerative Therapy
Urethral stricture is a common urological disease that seriously affects quality of life. Urethroplasty with grafts is the primary treatment, but the autografts used in clinical practice have unavoidable disadvantages, which have contributed to the development of urethral tissue engineering. Using various types of seed cells in combination with biomaterials to construct a tissue-engineered urethra provides a new treatment method to repair long-segment urethral strictures. Various cell types have been explored and applied in the field of urethral regeneration.
  • 506
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PI3K/AKT/mTOR in Renal Cancer
Renal cancer is a group of several tumors that develop in the kidney, each with a unique histology and clinical evolution, each responding differently to treatment, and each determined by a different gene mutation. A wide range of cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis, are regulated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is overactivated in different cancer types by molecular abnormalities.
  • 503
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome and Protein Carbamylation in Chronic Kidney Disease
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic derangements resulting from the interplay between decreasing renal excretory capacity and impaired gut function contribute to accelerating disease progression and enhancing the risk of complications. To protect residual kidney function and improve quality of life in conservatively managed predialysis CKD patients, current guidelines recommend protein-restricted diets supplemented with essential amino acids (EAAs) and their ketoanalogues (KAs). In clinical studies, such an approach improved nitrogen balance and other secondary metabolic disturbances, translating to clinical benefits, mainly the delayed initiation of dialysis. There is also increasing evidence that a protein-restricted diet supplemented with KAs slows down disease progression. 
  • 498
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsies and Urine CRCs in Bladder Cancer
The use of advanced preclinical models has become increasingly important in drug development. This is particularly relevant in bladder cancer, where the global burden of disease is quite high based on prevalence and a relatively high rate of lethality. Predictive tools to select patients who will be responsive to invasive or morbid therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and/or surgery) are largely absent. Patient-derived and clinically relevant models including patient-derived xenografts (PDX), organoids, and conditional reprogramming (CR) of cell cultures efficiently generate numerous models and are being used in both basic and translational cancer biology. These CR cells (CRCs) can be reprogrammed to maintain a highly proliferative state and reproduce the genomic and histological characteristics of the parental tissue. Therefore, CR technology may be a clinically relevant model to test and predict drug sensitivity, conduct gene profile analysis and xenograft research, and undertake personalized medicine. 
  • 490
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Scenario of Kidney Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress
Kidney fibrosis, diffused into the interstitium, vessels, and glomerulus, is the main pathologic feature associated with loss of renal function and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibrosis may be triggered in kidney diseases by different genetic and molecular insults. 
  • 465
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease
A notable feature of dementia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is the high frequency of vascular dementia, making its prevention through the management of classical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, etc., associated with atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Other effective measures, including the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, addressing anemia, exercise therapy, and lifestyle improvements, have been reported. The incidence and progression of cognitive impairment (CI) may also be influenced by the type of kidney replacement therapy, with reports suggesting that long-duration dialysis, low-temperature hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation can have a preferable effect on the preservation of cognitive function. In conclusion, patients with CKD are at a higher risk of developing CI, with brain atrophy being a contributing factor. 
  • 460
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nephrotic Glomerular Diseases
The nephrotic syndrome holds significant clinical importance and is characterized by a substantial protein loss in the urine. Damage to the glomerular basement membrane or podocytes frequently underlies renal protein loss. There is an increasing belief in the involvement of the complement system, a part of the innate immune system, in these conditions. Understanding the interactions between the complement system and glomerular structures continually evolves, challenging the traditional view of the blood–urine barrier as a passive filter. Clinical studies suggest that a precise inhibition of the complement system at various points may soon become feasible.
  • 459
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mucosal Etiologies of Renal Injuries Caused by PM
Particulate matter (PM) is a microscopic aerosol mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air, derived from natural or anthropogenic origins, including the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial effluents. Among the early responsive tissues to PM exposure, the mucosal barrier of the airway and alimentary tract may be a crucial source of pathologic mediators leading to inflammatory renal diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). 
  • 453
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia
Magnesium is an essential element with a pleiotropic role in human biology. Despite tight intestinal and renal regulation of its balance, insufficient intake can finally result in hypomagnesemia, which is a proxy of intracellular deficiency. Conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and infections are often associated with hypomagnesemia, which mostly predicts an unfavorable outcome. 
  • 441
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Post-Transplant Bone Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Kidney transplantation is the preferred gold standard modality of treatment for kidney failure. Bone disease after kidney transplantation is highly prevalent in patients living with a kidney transplant and is associated with high rates of hip fractures. Fractures are associated with increased healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Post-transplant bone disease (PTBD) includes renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis and bone fractures. PTBD is complex as it encompasses pre-existing chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disease and compounding factors after transplantation, including the use of immunosuppression and the development of de novo bone disease. After transplantation, the persistence of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, relative vitamin D deficiency and high levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 contribute to post-transplant bone disease. Risk assessment includes identifying both general risk factors and kidney-specific risk factors. Diagnosis is complex as the gold standard bone biopsy with double-tetracycline labelling to diagnose the PTBD subtype is not always readily available. Therefore, alternative diagnostic tools may be used to aid its diagnosis. 
  • 430
  • 18 Feb 2024
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