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Topic Review
Herpesvirus
Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses occurring at a high prevalence in the human population and are responsible for a wide array of clinical manifestations and diseases, from mild to severe. These viruses are classified in three subfamilies (Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae), with eight members known to infect humans.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Postnatal Zika Virus Infection
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes mild or no symptoms in adults, during the 2015−2016 outbreak, ZIKV infection in pregnancy resulted in birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders; however, little is known about the potential impact of ZIKV infection during infancy and early childhood. Considering the neurotropism of ZIKV and the rapidly-developing postnatal brain, it is important to understand how infection during infancy may disrupt neurodevelopment. Emerging clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection during infancy can result in negative neurologic consequences. However, clinical data regarding postnatal ZIKV infection in children are limited; as such, animal models play an important role in understanding the potential complications of ZIKV infection related to the vulnerable developing brain. Preclinical data provide insight into the potential behavioral, cognitive, and motor domains that clinical studies should examine in pediatric populations exposed to ZIKV during infancy.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Long-Term Impact of COVID-19
Post-COVID-19 patients may experience persistent chest CT abnormalities, decreased lung function, persistent fatigue, and respiratory symptoms, decreased functional capacity, and decreased quality of life up to 6 months after symptom onset or hospital discharge. On average, 8 out of 10 patients had returned to work or reported no work impairment at around 3 months of follow-up.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bacteriophages and Lytic Enzymes
Both phages and their lytic enzymes are now widely considered as safe and have now progressed to clinical phase II to show clinical efficacy as pharmaceutical.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Diseases
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA gamma herpes virus which affects more than 90% of the worldwide population. Clinically, EBV primo-infection is usually silent, but symptomatic forms may arise in children and young adults, leading to infectious mononucleosis, where B lymphocytes are highly infected. In most EBV-infected individuals, the virus establishes lifelong latent infection with no specific clinical manifestation. However, EBV primary infections, as well as secondary reactivations, may cause various EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) including hematologic malignancies, especially within immunocompromised hosts. While most of EBV-associated LPD involve B-cells, EBV-associated T/NK LPD are also reported, mostly appearing in Asia and Latin America and representing a spectrum of reactive, indolent and malignant disorders.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HPV E5, E6 and E7 in Apoptosis Evasion
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the dividing cells of human epithelia and hijack the cellular replication machinery to ensure their own propagation. In the effort to adapt the cell to suit their own reproductive needs, the virus changes a number of processes, amongst which is the ability of the cell to undergo programmed cell death. Viral infections, forced cell divisions and mutations, which accumulate as a result of uncontrolled proliferation, all trigger one of several cell death pathways. The mechanisms employed by HPVs is examined to ensure the survival of infected cells manipulated into cell cycle progression and proliferation.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Human Papillomavirus Oncoproteins and Ubiquitin Proteasome System
Papillomaviridae is a diverse family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses, approximately 50–60 nm in diameter that infect all homoeothermic vertebrates including humans. Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are critical for development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in HPV-induced cancers. These two viral oncoproteins interfere with a plethora of cellular pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle and the control of apoptosis, which are critical in maintaining normal cellular functions. E6 and E7 bind directly with certain components of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), enabling them to manipulate a number of important cellular pathways. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Human Astrovirus Capsid
Astroviruses (AstVs) are non-enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA viruses that cause a wide range of inflammatory diseases in mammalian and avian hosts.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Organ Involvement in COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an on-going global health emergency affecting over 94 million cases with more than 2 million deaths globally. Primarily identified as atypical pneumonia, it has developed into severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a multi-organ dysfunction with associated fatality. Ever since its emergence, COVID-19 with its plethora of clinical presentations has signalled its dynamic nature and versatility of the disease process. Being a disease with droplet transmission has now assumed the proportion of a suspected airborne nature which, once proved, poses a Herculean task to control. Because of the wide distribution of the human angio-tensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE2) receptors, known for its transmission, we envisage its mul-tiorgan spread and extensive disease distribution.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Lipid Membranes for Viral Assembly Research
The cell plasma membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and embedded proteins, presenting a complex interface with the cell environment. Enveloped viruses are also surrounded by a lipidic membrane derived from the host-cell membrane and acquired during the assembly at and the budding from the host cell plasma membrane. In this perspective, model membranes, composed of selected lipid mixtures mimicking plasma membrane chemical and physical properties, are tools of choice to decipher the first steps of enveloped viruses assembly. Hereafter are detailled some of the existing artificial lipid membranes and their contribution in deciphering the assembly process of 3 well known envelopped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the Influenza virus (IfV) and the Ebola virus (EboV).
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Viral Respiratory Infections
Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Virus Neuraminidase and Vaccine
The influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is primarily involved in the release of progeny viruses from infected cells—a critical role for virus replication.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
COVID 19 BIBILOGRAPHIC DRUG DISCUSSIONS
In this type of note some Probable synthetic drugs both the Non Antiviral as well as Antiviral synthetic drugs servingagainst Covid19 commonly used under trial basis are taken into discussion .Starting from Hydroxy- Chloroquine sulphateto Remdesivir just some points are discussed only but the in detail study regarding Structure , SAR , Q –SAR ,Formulations Pharmacology / Bio-logical activities are available in the following BIBILOGRAPHIC discussions
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
CHIKV
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Alphavirus of the Togaviridae family that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. The virus causes acute febrile illness in infected people, which frequently leads to chronic debilitating polyarthritis and polyarthralgia. Most of the symptoms resolve after 10 days, but polyarthralgia can persist for months or years, and severe symptoms, such as encephalitis, hemorrhagic disease and mortality, have also been described.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Visna Virus
Visna virus (also known as visna-maedi virus, maedi-visna virus and ovine lentivirus) from the genus Lentivirus and subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, is a "prototype" retrovirus that causes encephalitis and chronic pneumonitis in sheep. It is known as visna when found in the brain, and maedi when infecting the lungs. Lifelong, persistent infections in sheep occur in the lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, joints, central nervous system, and mammary glands; The condition is sometimes known as "ovine progressive pneumonia" (OPP), particularly in the United States , or "Montana sheep disease". White blood cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are the main target of visna virus.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Function of the PRRSV–Host Interactions
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV replicates primarily in alveolar macrophages of pig lungs and lymphatic organs and causes reproductive problems in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. To date, studies on how PRRSV survives in the host, the host immune response against viral infections, and pathogenesis, have been reported. PRRSV vaccines have been developed, including inactive virus, modified live virus, attenuated live vaccine, DNA vaccine, and immune adjuvant vaccines. However, there are certain problems with the durability and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines. Moreover, the high variability and fast-evolving populations of this RNA virus challenge the design of PRRSV vaccines, and thus effective vaccines against PRRSV have not been developed successfully. As is well known, viruses interact with the host to escape the host’s immune response and then replicate and propagate in the host, which is the key to virus survival.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Seasonal Influenza A Viruses
Two antiviral classes, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir marboxil and favipiravir) can be used to prevent and treat influenza infections during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. However, prolonged treatment may lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Therapeutic combinations constitute an alternative to prevent resistance and reduce antiviral doses. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro combinations of baloxavir acid (BXA) and other approved drugs against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) subtypes. The determination of an effective concentration inhibiting virus cytopathic effects by 50% (EC50) for each drug and combination indexes (CIs) were based on cell viability. CompuSyn software was used to determine synergism, additivity or antagonism between drugs. Combinations of BXA and NAIs or favipiravir had synergistic effects on cell viability against the two influenza A subtypes. Those effects were confirmed using a physiological and predictive ex vivo reconstructed human airway epithelium model. On the other hand, the combination of BXA and ribavirin showed mixed results. Overall, BXA stands as a good candidate for combination with several existing drugs, notably oseltamivir and favipiravir, to improve in vitro antiviral activity. These results should be considered for further animal and clinical evaluations.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vaccinia Virus - Good Fellow for Vaccine Development
Various vaccinia virus (VACV) strains were applied during the smallpox vaccination campaign to eradicate the variola virus worldwide. After the eradication of smallpox, VACV gained popularity as a viral vector thanks to increasing innovations in genetic engineering and vaccine technology. Some VACV strains have been extensively used to develop vaccine candidates against various diseases. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a VACV vaccine strain that offers several advantages for the development of recombinant vaccine candidates. In addition to various host-restriction genes, MVA lacks several immunomodulatory genes of which some have proven to be quite efficient in skewing the immune response in an unfavorable way to control infection in the host. Studies to manipulate these genes aim to optimize the immunogenicity and safety of MVA-based viral vector vaccine candidates.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus to Cancer Hallmarks
The concept of ‘hallmarks of cancer’ was first introduced by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and represented the cellular traits through which different cancers acquire the capabilities to survive, proliferate and disseminate. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first recognized human oncogenic virus in history, is one of the environmental factors that can drive oncogenesis of several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies through various hallmarks of cancer. This entry summarizes the contribution of EBV lytic proteins to cancer hallmarks and provide a framework to address the complexity of EBV-driven oncogenesis.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Single-Molecule FRET Imaging
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has provided a powerful platform to connect structure–function in motion, revealing dynamic aspects of spikes for several viruses: SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, influenza, and Ebola.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2021
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