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Topic Review
Aminoglycosides ICU patients PopPK models
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used as treatment for Gram-negative infections in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs). Life-threatening infections, often caused by Gram-negative bacteria [1,2], may lead to pathophysiological conditions, such as sepsis, influencing the pharmacokinetics (PK) of many drugs including antibiotics [3]. Antibiotic dosing regimens have been developed with the help of population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling and simulation [11]. Multiple studies have established PopPK models to characterize PK parameters and to gain a better understanding of the variability of aminoglycoside clinical response based on ICU patients’ characteristics. These studies have used nonlinear mixed effects modeling to target and quantify the contribution of specific demographic and pathophysiological characteristics that may influence the aminoglycoside PK profile. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Osmotic Lysis in Cancer Therapies
Targeted osmotic lysis (TOL)  takes advantage of the interdependent, sodium channel/sodium pump alliance that is present in the cells of all animals and is essential for cell communication and survival because of its role in maintaining membrane potential and cellular homeostasis [38,39]. TOL technology is based on the observation that many epithelially-derived cancers over-express voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and Na+, K+-ATPase, a feature that confers an enhanced ability to invade normal tissue and to metastasize and is found to be exceedingly prominent in advanced disease, and that the expression of VGSCs in the cancer cells is directly related to the level of malignancy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Organ Failure in COVID-19 Patients
Patients with severe COVID-19 infection often develop multi-organ failure. The damage to organs and organ systems is either through direct infection or hampered physiological processes in response to the infection. It is crucial to consider the immune system as the focal point to understand better and integrate the other organs’ complications.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ganglioside GM3 Synthase Deficiency
Gangliosides (glycosphingolipids containing one or more sialic acids) are highly expressed in neural tissues in vertebrates, and four species (GM1a, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) are predominant in mammalian brains. GM3 is the precursor of each of these four species and is the major ganglioside in many nonneural tissues. GM3 synthase (GM3S), encoded by ST3GAL5 gene in humans, is a sialyltransferase responsible for synthesis of GM3 from its precursor, lactosylceramide. ST3GAL5 mutations cause an autosomal recessive form of severe infantile-onset neurological disease characterized by progressive microcephaly, intellectual disability, dyskinetic movements, blindness, deafness, intractable seizures, and pigment changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Derived Cancer Vaccines
Cancers are driven by genetic instabilities that rapidly accumulate somatic mutations and eventually alter cell properties. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved multiple clinical benefits and has become an indispensable component of cancer treatment. Targeting tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. T cells of adaptive immunity that recognize neoantigens, but do not induce unwanted off-target effects, have demonstrated high efficacy and low side effects in cancer immunotherapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Rokumijiogan, Hachimijiogan and Bakumijiogan in Nephrectomized Rats
According to the underlying concepts of TCM(traditional Chinese medicine) theory, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly regarded as caused by Qi deficiency and Yang deficiency due to Xieqi repletion. The basic treatment principle of TCM is Yang/Qi-replenishing and Xieqi-draining. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Trifarotene
Trifarotene is a new fourth-generation retinoid with a selective action on RAR-γ. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine
Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Bone Strain Index
Bone strain Index (BSI) is an innovative index of bone strength that provides information about skeletal resistance to loads not considered by existing indexes (Bone Mineral Density, BMD. Trabecular Bone Score, TBS. Hip Structural Analysis, HSA. Hip Axis Length, HAL), and, thus, improves the predictability of fragility fractures in osteoporotic patients. This improved predictability of fracture facilitates the possibility of timely intervention with appropriate therapies to reduce the risk of fracture.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Pathology
Liver regeneration has been studied for many decades, and the mechanisms underlying regeneration of normal liver following resection are well described. However, no less relevant is the study of mechanisms that disrupt the process of liver regeneration. First of all, a violation of liver regeneration can occur in the presence of concomitant hepatic pathology, which is a key factor reducing the liver’s regenerative potential. Understanding these mechanisms could enable the rational targeting of specific therapies to either reduce the factors inhibiting regeneration or to directly stimulate liver regeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor dysfunctions to psychobehavioral manifestations. A common clinical course is the proteinopathy-induced neural dysfunction leading to anatomically corresponding neuropathies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon
Essential oils are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants, and in their chemical composition, they can be identified different classes of compounds with potential antioxidant and biological applications.In the Amazon, several species of aromatic plants were discovered and used in traditional medicine. The essential oils extracted from amazon species have several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antiprotozoal activities. These activities are related to the diversified chemical composition found in essential oils that, by synergism, favors its pharmacological action.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Phytate, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Health
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is an endocrine disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia with alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Microvascular and macrovascular complications are the main concerns in patients living with poor T2DM control. Phytate intake can play a role in controlling hyperglycemia but, more importantly, also in reducing cardiovascular risk by different mechanisms. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials and Their Impact on the Immune System
The interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with cells of the immune system and their biomolecule pathways are an area of interest for researchers. It is possible to modify NPs so that they are not recognized by the immune system or so that they suppress or stimulate the immune system in a targeted manner.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Drug Discovery
The drug discovery and development process is very lengthy, highly expensive, and extremely complex in nature. Considering the time and cost constraints associated with conventional drug discovery, new methods must be found to enhance the declining efficiency of traditional approaches. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that harnesses anthropomorphic knowledge and provides expedited solutions to complex challenges. Advancements in AI and machine learning (ML) techniques have revolutionized their applications to drug discovery and development. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anthocyanins as a Potential Natural Antidiabetic
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels-hyperglycemia, caused by a lack of insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. The incidence of DM is increasing, resulting in billions of dollars in annual healthcare costs worldwide. Therapeutics aim to control hyperglycemia and reduce blood glucose levels to normal. However, most modern drugs have numerous side effects, some of which cause severe kidney and liver problems. On the other hand, natural compounds rich in anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin) have also been used for the prevention and treatment of DM.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Platelet-Activating Factor Inhibitors as Therapeutics and Preventatives
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) refers to the classical structure reported in 1979, which is a pro-inflammatory phospholipid mediator. PAF mediates a wide variety of cellular functions and cell–cell interactions. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer
As suggested from recent findings, the role of alcohol in HNC seems to be broader than that of a simple risk factor. In this entry, authors report evidence from past studies to clarify the role of alcohol consumption in head and neck cancer (HNC) onset. Moreover, we further explore the role of oral microbiota, oxidative stress and genetic expression alterations due to alcohol drinking. Although alcohol is not the exclusive risk factor for HNC carcinogenesis, it plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of both primary tumors and their recurrences, especially by means of ethanol and its metabolic products. Alcohol modifies oral microbiota, enhances intracellular oxidative stress, expose epithelial cells to carcinogens and alters cellular genetic expressions by promoting epigenetic mutations, DNA damage, and inaccurate DNA repair related to the formation of DNA adducts. The relationship between alcohol and HNC has been well established but, unfortunately, there is no clear threshold effect of alcohol for oncogenic patients, so that prevention and monitoring with long-term markers of alcohol consumption (especially those detected in the hair) that relay information on the actual alcohol drinking habits, seem to be the most effective ways to contrast its prevalence (and complications) in HNC drinker-patients. These conclusions seem to be especially important nowadays since, despite the established association between alcohol and HNC, a concerning pattern of alcohol consumption misconducts has been found in both in the general population and HNC  survivors. Interestingly, evidence that we report on HNC etiopathogenesis suggests a key role of polyphenols and alkylating agents for patient management, especially in case of heavy chronic drinkers.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Maxillary Sinusitis of Odontogenic Origin
Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the sinus mucosal lining epithelium. The etiology of sinusitis might include the common cold, influenza, measles, tumors, and anatomical problems and, in some cases, can be of odontogenic origin. Sinusitis of odontogenic origin was first reported and documented in 1943 by Bauer, with a reported prevalence of around 10%. More recent studies—using three-dimensional imaging devices such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)—identified sinusitis of odontogenic origin in up to 40% of cases. According to Ferguson, odontogenic sinusitis (OS) can be caused by apical periodontitis, periodontal disease, dental implants impinging on the maxillary sinus, or extrusion of dental materials. Patients were found to have a higher risk for postoperative OS when large amounts of bone grafts were used during sinus lifting procedures.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
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