You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
The Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor dysfunctions to psychobehavioral manifestations. A common clinical course is the proteinopathy-induced neural dysfunction leading to anatomically corresponding neuropathies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Derived Cancer Vaccines
Cancers are driven by genetic instabilities that rapidly accumulate somatic mutations and eventually alter cell properties. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved multiple clinical benefits and has become an indispensable component of cancer treatment. Targeting tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. T cells of adaptive immunity that recognize neoantigens, but do not induce unwanted off-target effects, have demonstrated high efficacy and low side effects in cancer immunotherapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Novel Adipokines and Their Role in Bone Metabolism
Adipokines secreted from white adipose tissue (WAT) and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) exerts endocrine and paracrine effects on the survival and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Rokumijiogan, Hachimijiogan and Bakumijiogan in Nephrectomized Rats
According to the underlying concepts of TCM(traditional Chinese medicine) theory, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly regarded as caused by Qi deficiency and Yang deficiency due to Xieqi repletion. The basic treatment principle of TCM is Yang/Qi-replenishing and Xieqi-draining. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Organ Failure in COVID-19 Patients
Patients with severe COVID-19 infection often develop multi-organ failure. The damage to organs and organ systems is either through direct infection or hampered physiological processes in response to the infection. It is crucial to consider the immune system as the focal point to understand better and integrate the other organs’ complications.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon
Essential oils are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants, and in their chemical composition, they can be identified different classes of compounds with potential antioxidant and biological applications.In the Amazon, several species of aromatic plants were discovered and used in traditional medicine. The essential oils extracted from amazon species have several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antiprotozoal activities. These activities are related to the diversified chemical composition found in essential oils that, by synergism, favors its pharmacological action.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterial-Based Responsive Nanomedicines for Targeting Solid Tumor Microenvironments
Solid tumors are composed of a highly complex and heterogenic microenvironment, with increasing metabolic status. This environment plays a crucial role in the clinical therapeutic outcome of conventional treatments and innovative antitumor nanomedicines. Scientists have devoted great efforts to conquering the challenges of the tumor microenvironment (TME), in respect of effective drug accumulation and activity at the tumor site. The main focus is to overcome the obstacles of abnormal vasculature, dense stroma, extracellular matrix, hypoxia, and pH gradient acidosis. In this endeavor, nanomedicines that are targeting distinct features of TME have flourished; these aim to increase site specificity and achieve deep tumor penetration. The development of such systems has significantly advanced the application of biomaterials in combinational therapies and in immunotherapies for improved anticancer effectiveness.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer
As suggested from recent findings, the role of alcohol in HNC seems to be broader than that of a simple risk factor. In this entry, authors report evidence from past studies to clarify the role of alcohol consumption in head and neck cancer (HNC) onset. Moreover, we further explore the role of oral microbiota, oxidative stress and genetic expression alterations due to alcohol drinking. Although alcohol is not the exclusive risk factor for HNC carcinogenesis, it plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of both primary tumors and their recurrences, especially by means of ethanol and its metabolic products. Alcohol modifies oral microbiota, enhances intracellular oxidative stress, expose epithelial cells to carcinogens and alters cellular genetic expressions by promoting epigenetic mutations, DNA damage, and inaccurate DNA repair related to the formation of DNA adducts. The relationship between alcohol and HNC has been well established but, unfortunately, there is no clear threshold effect of alcohol for oncogenic patients, so that prevention and monitoring with long-term markers of alcohol consumption (especially those detected in the hair) that relay information on the actual alcohol drinking habits, seem to be the most effective ways to contrast its prevalence (and complications) in HNC drinker-patients. These conclusions seem to be especially important nowadays since, despite the established association between alcohol and HNC, a concerning pattern of alcohol consumption misconducts has been found in both in the general population and HNC  survivors. Interestingly, evidence that we report on HNC etiopathogenesis suggests a key role of polyphenols and alkylating agents for patient management, especially in case of heavy chronic drinkers.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading matters of vision-loss globally. Even though there have been extensive efforts to reduce vision loss, the prevalence of DR is still uprising. There are several pharmacological and surgical therapies currently used in clinics, but none of them has not been used as effective therapies at the early stage of DR.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Wood as Possible Renewable Material for Bone Implants
Bone fractures and bone defects affect millions of people every year. Metal implants for bone fracture fixation and autologous bone for defect reconstruction are used extensively in treatment of these pathologies. Simultaneously, alternative, sustainable, and biocompatible materials are being researched to improve existing practice. Wood as a biomaterial for bone repair has been considered.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Phytate, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Health
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is an endocrine disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia with alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Microvascular and macrovascular complications are the main concerns in patients living with poor T2DM control. Phytate intake can play a role in controlling hyperglycemia but, more importantly, also in reducing cardiovascular risk by different mechanisms. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Pathology
Liver regeneration has been studied for many decades, and the mechanisms underlying regeneration of normal liver following resection are well described. However, no less relevant is the study of mechanisms that disrupt the process of liver regeneration. First of all, a violation of liver regeneration can occur in the presence of concomitant hepatic pathology, which is a key factor reducing the liver’s regenerative potential. Understanding these mechanisms could enable the rational targeting of specific therapies to either reduce the factors inhibiting regeneration or to directly stimulate liver regeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PGD, ESLP, and Lung Transplantation
Lung transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage lung disease. Lung transplantation helps patients with end-stage lung disease due to a number of causes such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a form of acute lung injury that can occur after transplantation within the first 72-h. At a tissue level, PGD is the result of diffuse alveolar damage. This damage manifests clinically as severe hypoxemia and lung edema with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates as seen on CXR. PGD is the leading cause of 30-day mortality post-LTx, affecting 11–25% of patients. The clinical gold standard for organ preservation is cold static preservation (CSP); however, ex-situ lung perfusion (ESLP) is a relatively novel donor lung preservation and reconditioning technology that has been shown to improve lung function and increase organ utilization. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Bone Strain Index
Bone strain Index (BSI) is an innovative index of bone strength that provides information about skeletal resistance to loads not considered by existing indexes (Bone Mineral Density, BMD. Trabecular Bone Score, TBS. Hip Structural Analysis, HSA. Hip Axis Length, HAL), and, thus, improves the predictability of fragility fractures in osteoporotic patients. This improved predictability of fracture facilitates the possibility of timely intervention with appropriate therapies to reduce the risk of fracture.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
PTPRZ1 in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) belongs to the type V transmembrane TPs and has three known splicing variants: PTPRZ-A, which is a full-length receptor form; PTPRZ-B, which is a shorter receptor form that has a deletion in the extracellular region compared to PTPRZ-A, and PTPRZ-S, which is a secretory variant of PTPRZ-A known as 6B4 proteoglycan/phosphacan. The transmembrane isoforms share common structural characteristics, such as an extracellular carbonic anhydrase-like domain at the N-terminal of the receptor, followed by a fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like domain, a transmembrane region, two TP catalytic domains, and a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. The shorter PTPRZ-B isoform lacks exon 12, which encodes 860 amino acids in the extracellular domain following the FNIII domain and forms a Ser-Gly-rich region for glycosaminoglycan attachment. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Maxillary Sinusitis of Odontogenic Origin
Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the sinus mucosal lining epithelium. The etiology of sinusitis might include the common cold, influenza, measles, tumors, and anatomical problems and, in some cases, can be of odontogenic origin. Sinusitis of odontogenic origin was first reported and documented in 1943 by Bauer, with a reported prevalence of around 10%. More recent studies—using three-dimensional imaging devices such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)—identified sinusitis of odontogenic origin in up to 40% of cases. According to Ferguson, odontogenic sinusitis (OS) can be caused by apical periodontitis, periodontal disease, dental implants impinging on the maxillary sinus, or extrusion of dental materials. Patients were found to have a higher risk for postoperative OS when large amounts of bone grafts were used during sinus lifting procedures.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenines in Major Neurocognitive Disorders
Worldwide, 50 million people suffer from dementia, a group of symptoms affecting cognitive and social functions, progressing severely enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for most of the dementia cases. Pathological and clinical findings have led to proposing several hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, finding a presence of positive feedback loops and additionally observing the disturbance of a branch of tryptophan metabolism, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Either causative or resultant of dementia, elevated levels of neurotoxic KYN metabolites are observed, potentially upregulating multiple feedback loops of AD pathogenesis. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, which belongs to one of only two classes of medications approved for clinical use, but other NMDAR modulators have been explored so far in vain. An endogenous KYN pathway metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), likewise inhibits the excitotoxic NMDAR. Besides its anti-excitotoxicity, KYNA is a multitarget compound that triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Modifying the KYNA level is a potential multitarget strategy to normalize the disturbed KYN pathway and thus to alleviate juxtaposing AD pathogeneses.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Porous Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration
Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) are nanomaterials with a porous structure and high surface ratio, which are widely used in the fields of biomedical engineering such as bone regeneration, drug delivery, cell trace, and regulation of cell differentiation.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Nab-Paclitaxel with Gemcitabine Combination
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates among cancers, and a combination of nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine remains the cornerstone of first-line therapy. Nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine in combination with other therapeutic agents can be new treatment strategies in pancreatic cancer. Seven therapeutic agents (ibrutinib, necuparanib, tarextumab, apatorsen, cisplatin, enzalutamide, and momelotinib) are found. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Mar 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 34
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback