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Ferreira, O.O.;  Cruz, J.N.;  Moraes, �.A.B.D.;  Franco, C.D.J.P.;  Lima, R.R.;  Anjos, T.O.D.;  Siqueira, G.M.;  Nascimento, L.D.D.;  Cascaes, M.M.;  Oliveira, M.S.D.; et al. Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25059 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Ferreira OO,  Cruz JN,  Moraes �ABD,  Franco CDJP,  Lima RR,  Anjos TOD, et al. Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25059. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Ferreira, Oberdan Oliveira, Jorddy Neves Cruz, Ângelo Antônio Barbosa De Moraes, Celeste De Jesus Pereira Franco, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Taina Oliveira Dos Anjos, Giovanna Moraes Siqueira, Lidiane Diniz Do Nascimento, Márcia Moraes Cascaes, Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira, et al. "Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25059 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Ferreira, O.O.,  Cruz, J.N.,  Moraes, �.A.B.D.,  Franco, C.D.J.P.,  Lima, R.R.,  Anjos, T.O.D.,  Siqueira, G.M.,  Nascimento, L.D.D.,  Cascaes, M.M.,  Oliveira, M.S.D., & Andrade, E.H.D.A. (2022, July 12). Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25059
Ferreira, Oberdan Oliveira, et al. "Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 July, 2022.
Essential Oil of Plants Growing in Brazilian Amazon
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/molecules27144373

Essential oils are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants, and in their chemical composition, they can be identified different classes of compounds with potential antioxidant and biological applications.In the Amazon, several species of aromatic plants were discovered and used in traditional medicine. The essential oils extracted from amazon species have several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antiprotozoal activities. These activities are related to the diversified chemical composition found in essential oils that, by synergism, favors its pharmacological action.

species of Brazil essential oils bioactive compounds biological activities

1. Introduction

Brazil has the world’s highest plant diversity. It houses more than 46,000 species of plants, algae, and fungi, and most of this biodiversity is found in the Amazon [1][2]. This biome occupies 5 million km2 of the territory, corresponding to 60% of the entire national territory. Such areas include the Brazilian Amazon, which accounts for 51% of all tropical plant species. The Brazilian Amazon forest accounts for approximately 26% of the remaining tropical rainforests on Earth [3][4].
Typifying this exuberance, 12 families that provide essential oil are predominant in the Amazon region (in descending order): Piperaceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, and Rutaceae [5][6].
Essential oils are volatile, with a strong smell and taste derived from the secondary metabolites of the plants. Essential oils can be extracted from the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers by steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and squeezing citrus fruit pericarps. The terminology “oil” is closely related to the physicochemical characteristics of these substances, as they are liquids at room temperature [7][8].
The biological activity of essential oils is due to the diversity of chemical components in these volatile oils. These properties include antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities [9][10][11][12]. Essential oils can also be used as raw materials for products such as cosmetics and perfumes, or in pharmaceutical industries to obtain structural derivatives (plant products) in addition to horticulture [7][13].
Although essential oils have several potential applications, many aromatic plants in the Amazon ecosystem are under constant environmental pressure, as this region undergoes increasing fires, deforestation, and unsustainable forest exploitation [5].
Although Brazil is still the largest natural angiosperm bank in the world and these aromatic plants have the potential for varied uses, part of this exuberance was lost long before scientific knowledge was gained [3][14]. Therefore, efforts and resources must be invested to acquire a greater awareness of the diversity and value of the plants that remain in the Amazon region.

2. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of the Amazon

Table 1 shows the major chemical components found in the essential oils of the species from the Amazon region.
Table 1. Major chemical constituents (≥3.00%) found in the essential oils of the Amazon.
Species Family Extraction Method Compounds References
Anaxagorea brevipes
(leaves)		 Annonaceae HD β-eudesmol (13.16%), α-eudesmol (13.05%), γ-eudesmol (7.54%), guaiol (5.12%), caryophyllene oxide (4.18%) and β-bisabolene (4.10%) [15]
Aniba duckei (Synonym: A. rosaeodora)
(leaves and thin branches)		 Lauraceae HD linalool (89.34%) [16]
A. parviflora
(Aerial parts)		 Lauraceae HD linalool (45.0%) [17]
A. parviflora
(branches)		 Lauraceae HD γ-eudesmol (16.80%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.70%), linalool (12.40%), β-phellandrene (6.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.00%) [18]
A. parviflora
(leaves)		 Lauraceae HD β-phellandrene (15.10%), linalool (14.10%) and γ-eudesmol (12.90%). [18]
A. rosaeodora
(Aerial parts)		 Lauraceae HD linalool (88.60%) [17]
A. rosaeodora
(Aerial parts)		 Lauraceae HD linalool (93.60%) [19]
Annona exsucca
(Dry leaves)		 Annonaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (31.26%), linalool (10.80%), β-elemene (10.30%), germacrene D (10.28%), bicyclogermacrene (9.84%) [20]
Bauhinia ungulata
(leaves)		 Fabaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (15.9%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) α-humulene (8.1%) and epi-γ-eudesmol (7.5%) [21]
Bocageopsis pleiosperma
(Barks)		 Annonaceae HD β-bisabolene (38.53%), δ-cadinene (7.55%), β-selinene (6.46%) and α-selinene (5.18%) [22]
B. pleiosperma
(leaves)		 Annonaceae HD β-bisabolene (55.77%), (E)-α-bergamotene (6.94%) and β-farnesene (E) (6.05%) [22]
B. pleiosperma
(twigs)		 Annonaceae HD β-bisabolene (34.37%), cryptomerione (9,60%) and (2Z, 6Z)-farnesol (7,20%), [22]
B. multiflora
(Leaves)		 Annonaceae HD spathulenol (20.30%) and β-bisabolene (11.90%) [23]
B. multiflora
(Aerial parts)		 Annonaceae HD cis-linalool oxide (33.10%) and 1-epi-cubenol (16.60%). [24]
B. multiflora
(fresh leaves)		 Annonaceae HD spathulenol (13.00–16.20%), β-bisabolene (13.20–13.80%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.70–12.00%) [25]
Copaifera multijuga
(resin)		 Fabaceae Perforation in the trunk of the species (E)-caryophyllene (57.29%), caryophyllene oxide (10.34%) and α-humulene (9.11%) [26]
Croton cajucara
(leaves)		 Euphorbiaceae HD 7-hydroxycalamenene [27]
Duguetia quitarensis
(Aerial parts)		 Annonaceae HD 4-heptanol (33.80%), α-thujene (18.40%) and (E)-caryophyllene (14.40%) [24]
Endlicheria arenosa
(Leaves)		 Lauraceae HD bicyclogermacrene (42.20%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.10%). [28]
E. arenosa
(Twigs)		 Lauraceae HD limonene (33.20%) and terpinen-4-ol (15.60%) [28]
Ephedranthus amazonicus
(Leaves)		 Annonaceae HD spathulenol (16.90%) and humulene epoxide II (16.30%) [23]
Eugenia cuspidifolia
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD caryophyllene oxide (57.46%) and α-copaene (3.75%) [29]
E. egensis
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae HD 5-hydroxy-(Z)-calamenene (35.80%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.90%) and (E)-cadina-1,4-diene (6.30%) [30]
E. flavescens
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae HD (E)-γ-bisabolene (35.00%) and β-bisabolene (34.70%) [30]
E. patrisii
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae HD (2E,6E)-Farnesol (34.50%) and (2E,6Z)-Farnesol (23.20%). [30]
E. patrisii
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD May: germacrene D (20.03%), bicyclogermacrene (11.82%) and (E)-caryophyllene (11.04%)
September: γ-elemene (25.89%), (E)-caryophyllene (10.76%) and germacrene B (8.11%)		 [31]
E. patrisii
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (32.00%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) [32]
E. piauhiensis
(dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD γ-elemene (17.48%), (E)- caryophyllene (16.46%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.11%) [33]
E. polystachya
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae HD germacrene D (18.40%), ishwarane (15.70%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (7.50%) [30]
E. punicifolia
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD May: β-elemene (25.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.11%), bicyclogermacrene (9.88%) and selin-11-en-4α-ol (9.16%)
September: (E)-caryophyllene (11.47%), β-pinene (5.86%), bicyclogermacrene (5.86%), and γ-muurolene (5.55%)		 [31]
E. stipitata
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD germacrene D (11.80%) and Z-α-bisabolene (8.38%). [32]
E. uniflora
(leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD Curzerene (34.40—53.10%) [34]
E. tapacumensis
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD caryophyllene oxide (55.95%) and α-copaene (13.67%) [29]
Fusaea longifolia
(Aerial parts)		 Annonaceae HD β-selinene (19.30%), cis-β-guaiene (18.30%), (Z)-α-bisabolene (12.00%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.10%) [24]
Guatteria blepharophylla
(Leaves)		 Annonaceae HD caryophyllene oxide (55.70%). [23]
G. friesiana
(dry leaves)		 Annonaceae HD β-eudesmol (51.92 ± 9.15%), γ-eudesmol (18.91 ± 5.41%) and α-eudesmol (12.56 ± 2.80%) [35]
G. megalophylla Annonaceae HD spathulenol (27.76%), γ-muurolene (14.34%), bicyclogermacrene (10.47%) and β-elemene (7.48%) [36]
G. pogonopus
(dry leaves)		 Annonaceae HD spathulenol (24.80 ± 11.38%), γ-amorphene (14.72 ± 3.37%) and germacrene D (11.75 ± 6.33%). [35]
G. punctata
(Aerial parts)		 Annonaceae HD germacrene D (19.80%), (E)-nerolidol (9.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.40%). [24]
Hedychium coronarium
(Rhizome)		 Zingiberaceae HD eucalyptol (33.70%), β-pinene (30.00%) and α-pinene (10.00%) [37]
Ipomea setifera
(Dry leaves)		 Convolvulaceae SD (E)-caryophyllene (36.70%) and β-elemene (20.49%) [38]
I. asarifolia
(Dry leaves)		 Convolvulaceae SD phytol derivade (10.67–35.49%) and (E)-caryophyllene (15.93–19.93%) [38]
Iryanthera polyneura
(Leaves)		 Myristicaceae HD spathulenol
(6.42 ± 1.02%), α-cadinol (5.82 ± 0.40%) and τ-muurolol (5.24 ± 0.03%).		 [39]
Lippia gracilis
(dry leaves)		 Verbenaceae HD limonene (56.16%), geraniol (12.09%) and β-myrcene (6.22%). [33]
L. origanoides (aerial parts) Verbenaceae HD Carvacrol (37.12%), p-cymene (11.64%) and thymol (7.83%) [40]
L. origanoides
(leaves)		 Verbenaceae HD carvacrol (48.31%), p-cymene (9.11%), thymol (8.78%), (E)-caryophyllene (6.74%) and 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone (6.63%) [41]
L. thymoides
(Fresh and Dry Leaves)		 Verbenaceae HD thymol (59.29–62.78%), p-cymene (2.97–8.97%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.21–8.84%) and thymyl acetate (4.92–7.22%). [42]
L. thymoides
(Freash and Dry leaves)		 Verbenaceae HD thymol (58.90–66.33%), thymol acetate (7.49–8.10%), γ-terpinene (7.58–9.36%) and p-cymene (5.30–8.36%). [43]
L. thymoides
(Freash and Dry flowers)		 Verbenaceae HD thymol (37.86–48.04%), thymol acetate (21.44–33.81), γ-terpinene (0.15–15.06%) and p-cymene (0.07–7.18%) [43]
L. thymoides
(Freash and Dry branches)		 Verbenaceae HD thymol (63.59–66.20%), thymol acetate (5.07–5.96%) γ-terpinene (3.39–9.36%) and p-cymene (3.27–3.35%) [43]
L. thymoides
(Freash and Dry roots)		 Verbenaceae HD (11Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid (38–02-40.92%), (9Z)-octadecenoic acid (27.40–28.21%) and thymol (19.34–22.18%) [43]
Mentha piperita
(Dry leaves)		 Lamiaceae HD linalool (51.80%) and epoxyocimene (19.30%). [44]
Mesosphaerum suaveolens
(aerial parts)		 Lamiaceae HD eucalyptol (30.15–64.44%), linalool (0.00–12.85%), β-pinene (3.27–9.04%) and sabinene (0.00–8.58%) [45]
Myrcia erythroxylon
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD α-humulene (26.79%), bicyclogermacrene (13.26%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.55%) [33]
M. splendens
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene
(45.80%)		 [32]
M. splendens
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene
(36.23%), trans-γ-bisabolene (10.04%), cis-γ-bisabolene (8.33%) and trans-β-farnesene (7.81%)		 [46]
M. sylvatica
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD germacrene B
(24.50%) and γ-elemene (12.50%)		 [32]
M. sylvatica
(Fresh leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD 1-epi-cubenol (9.90%), cadalene (7.20%), β-selinene (7.00%), β-calacorene (5.40%), cis-calamenene (4.80%), muskatone (4.40%), δ-cadinene (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and ar-curcumene (1.90%) [10]
M. sylvatica
(Dried Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD ar-curcumene (7.60%), 1-epi-cubenol (6.90%), β-selinene (6.00%), cadalene (5.80%), β-calacorene (5.50%), cis-calamenene (5.20%), arturmerol (4.90%), δ-cadineno (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and muskatone (3.40%). [10]
M. tomentosa
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD May: γ-elemene (12.52%), germacrene D (11.45%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.22%)
September: spathulenol (40.70%), zingiberene (9.58%) and γ-elemene (6.89%)		 [31]
Nectandra cuspidata
(Leaves)		 Lauraceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (26.90%) and bicyclogermacrene (16.00%) [47]
N. puberula
(Leaves)		 Lauraceae HD apiole (22.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.10%) and β-pinene (13.30%). [47]
N. puberula
(branches)		 Lauraceae HD apiole (28.10%), pogostol (19.80%) and viridiflorol (11.20%) [47]
Ocimum campechianum
(leaves and stems)		 Lamiaceae HD methyleugenol (80.00–
87.00%)		 [48]
O. campechianum
(inflorescences)		 Lamiaceae HD methyleugenol (75.30–83.50%) [48]
O. canum
(dry leaves)		 Lamiaceae HD thymol (42.15%), p-cymene (21.17%) and γ-terpinene (19.81%) [49]
Ocotea caniculata
(leaves)		 Lauraceae HD β-selinene (20.30%), β-caryophyllene (18.90%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (14.30%) [50]
O. caniculata
(branches)		 Lauraceae HD selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%) [50]
O. caudata
(leaves)		 Lauraceae HD bicyclogermacrene (29.60%), germacrene D (19.90%) and α-pinene (9.80%) [50]
O. caudata
(branches)		 Lauraceae HD δ-cadinene (13.8%), germacrene D (8.9%), and α-muurulol (7.80%) [50]
O. cujumary
(leaves)		 Lauraceae HD β-caryophyllene (22.20%), caryophyllene oxide (12.40%) and 2-tridecanone (7.30%) [50]
O. cujumary
(branches)		 Lauraceae HD selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%). [50]
Onychopetalum amazonicum
(leaves)		 Annonaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (17.00%), caryophyllene oxide (11.90%) and spathulenol (10.40%) [51]
O. amazonicum
(trunk bark)		 Annonaceae HD α-epi-cadinol (14.00–24.10%), allo-aromadendrene (21.20%) and α-gurjunene (10.60–14.90%) [51]
Piper aequale
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD δ-elemeno (18.92%), β-pineno (15.56%), α-pinene (12.57%), cubebol (7.20%), β-atlantol (5.87%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.51%) [52]
P. aduncum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD dilapiole (64.40%), piperitone (3.30%) and (E)-β-ocimene (3.00%) [53]
P. aduncum
(Dry leaves)		 Piperaceae MAE dilapiol (91.07%) [54]
P. aduncum
(Dry leaves)		 Piperaceae SD dilapiole (53.60%), myristicin (24.30%) and (Z)-carpacin (11.90%) [55]
P. aleyreanum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD β-elemene (16.30%), bicyclogermacrene (9.20%), δ-elemene (8.20%), germacrene D (6.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (6.20%) [12]
P. anonifolium
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD selin-11-en-4-ol (20.00%), β-selinene (12.70%), α-selinene (11.90%) and α-pinene (8.80%). [12]
P. augustum
(Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (11.20%) and β-elemene (5.80%) [37]
P. brachypetiolatum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-nerolidol (44.23 ± 2.23%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.08 ± 0.74%) [56]
P. callosum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD Safrole (69.20%), methyleugenol (8.60%) and myrcene (6.20%) [53]
P. capitarianum
(Leaves, stems, and inflorescences)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (15.30–20.00%), α-humulene (9.10–12.70%), β-myrcene (1.40–10.50%), α-selinene (5.30–7.00%) and β-selinene (4.90–6.30%) [57]
P. demeraranum
(dry leaves)		 Piperaceae HD β-elemene (33.10%), Limonene (19.30%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.80%) [58]
P. divaricatum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD methyleugenol (69.20%), eugenol (16.20%) and germacreno D (3.50%) [53]
P. duckei
(dry leaves)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (14.70%) and eucalyptol (5.80%) [58]
P. glandulosissimum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (19.11 ± 0.40%), α-selinene (8.38 ± 0.17%) and β-selinene (6.38 ± 0.13%) [56]
P. hispidum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (10.50%), α-humulene (9.50%), δ-3-carene (9.10%), α-copaene (7.30%), limonene (6.90%), caryophyllene oxide (5.90%) and β-selinene (5.10%). [12]
P. leticianum
(Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (21.80%), germacrene D (9.00%) and β-elemene (5.10%) [37]
P. madeiranum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD caryophyllene oxide (16.92 ± 0.21%), selin-11-en-4-a-ol (9.26 ± 0.12%), β-copaene (9.16 ± 0.12%) and β-selinene (8.70 ± 0.11%). [56]
P. marginatum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD p-mentha-1(7),8-diene (39.00%) and 3,4-methylenedioxy
propiophenone (19.00%),		 [53]
P. marginatum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae HD (E)-isoosmorhizole (32.20%) and (E)-anethole (26.40%) [53]
P. mollipilosum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae HD β-selinene (32.44 ± 1.14%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.70 ± 0.42%), [56]
Psidium guajava Myrtaceae HD epi-β-bisabolol (16.10%), ar-curcumene (9.80%), β-bisabolene (9.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.10%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.50%) [32]
P. guineense
Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD limonene (30.20–30.4%) and α-pinene (17.70–22.50%) [32]
P. myrsinites
(dry Leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (26.05%), α-humulene (23.92%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.09%) [33]
Renealmia breviscapa
(Fresh rhizomes)		 Zingiberaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (62.38%), α-Humulene (9.56%) and guaiol (9.27%) [59]
R. breviscapa
(fresh leaves)		 Zingiberaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (28.25%), cis-3-hexenol (15.05%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.90%) [59]
R. chrysotricha
(Fresh rhizomes)		 Zingiberaceae HD α-terpineol (26.14%), coronarin E (25.10%) and eucalyptol (15.87%) [59]
R. chrysotricha
(Fresh leavess)		 Zingiberaceae HD cis-3-hexenol (57.28%), (E)- caryophyllene (6.85%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.92%) [59]
R. nicolaioides
(Fresh rhizomes)		 Zingiberaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (22.78%), α-terpineol (14.15%) and (E)-nerolidol (11.06%) [59]
R. nicolaioides
(fresh leaves)		 Zingiberaceae HD (E)-nerolidol (21.03%), α-terpineol (11.92%) and germacrene D (10.33%) [59]
Siparuna aspera
(Leaves)		 Siparunaceae HD germacrene D (23.30%), bicyclogermacrene (7.80%) and α-pinene (7.00%). [37]
S. camporum
(dry leaves)		 Siparunaceae HD γ-patchoulene (28.63%), α-Phellandrene (12.80%) and Guaiadiene-6,9 (9.23%), [33]
S. macrotepala
(Leaves)		 Siparunaceae HD germacrene D (42.10%), bicyclogermacrene (11.80%) and δ-cadinene (5.00%) [37]
Syzygium cumini
(leaves)		 Myrtaceae HD α-pinene [60]
Virola calophyla
(leaves)		 Myristicaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (55.70%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.80%) [61]
V. multinervia
(leaves)		 Myristicaceae HD (E)-caryophyllene (54.80%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) [61]
V. pavonis
(leaves)		 Myristicaceae HD β-selinene (60.50%) and (E)-caryophyllene (12.70%) [61]
V. surinamensis
(barks)		 Myristicaceae HD Aristolene (28.40 ± 5.03%), α-gurjunene (15.00 ± 3.17%) and valencene (14.10 ± 4.87%). [62]
V. surinamensis
(leaves)		 Myristicaceae HD α-farnensene (14.50 ± 3.24), β-elemene (9.61 ± 1.02%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.10 ± 2.42%). [62]
Vismia cayennensis
(Leaves)		 Hypericaceae HD germacrone (25.42%) and curzerene (25.29%) [63]
V. guianensis
(Leaves)		 Hypericaceae HD α-copaene (29.45%), (E)-nerolidol (24.06%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.04%) [63]
Xylopia aromatica
(leaves)		 Annonaceae HD spathulenol (21.50%, trans-pinocarveol (10.20%) and dihidrocarveol (11.60%) [23]
HD: Hydrodistillation; SD: steam distillation; MAE: microwave-assisted extraction.
In the documented studies, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, except in the case of the species Copaifera multijuga (perforation), Piper aduncum (MAE), P. aduncum (SD), Ipomea setifera (SD), and I. asarifolia (SD). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the volatile compounds in the essential oils. There was little difference in the chemical composition and chemical profile of the essential oils of the species studied based on the families/genera/species, which may be related to the type of botanical material used from the plant in the extraction of the essential oils.
The chemical profile of essential oils from species of the Annonaceae family showed hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes as the main constituents, where the compounds β-bisabolene (55.77%), caryophyllene oxide (55.70%), and β-eudesmol (51.92%), were respectively dominant in the essential oils of Bocageopsis pleiosperma [22], Guatteria blepharophylla [23], and G. friesiana [35]. However, it was possible to observe other types of chemical classes in the genus Anonnace-ae, such as the oxygenated monoterpene cis-linalool oxide (33.10%) in the essential oil of Bocageopsis multiflora [24] and the alcohol 4-heptanol (33.80%) in the essential oil of Duguetia quitarensis [24].
Oxygenated monoterpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids are the major components in the essential oils of the Lauraceae family, where linalool (93.60%) is dominant in the essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora [16], as well as bicyclogermacrene (42.20%) and apiole (28.10%), respectively, in the essential oil of Endlicheria arenosa [28] and Nectandra puberula [47]. Phenylpropanoids and oxygenated monoterpenes are also present in essential oils of the Lamiaceae family, where methyleugenol (80.00–87.00%) [48] and eucalyptol (16–33%) are dominant [64].
Studies carried out by Aranha et al. [29] and Da Silva et al. [30] confirmed the predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons in species of the genus Eugenia of the Myrtaceae family. Hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes were also observed as the main chemical classes in the essential oils of the genus Myrcia, where (E)-caryophyllene (45.80%) was dominant in the essential oil of M. splendens [32]. Monoterpene hydrocarbons characterize the essential oil profile of some species of the genus Psidium [32].
In species of the Piperaceae family, phenylpropanoids are present in the essential oils of some species of the genus Piper, as shown in the study of Piper aduncum essential oil by Nascimento et al. [54], the main component of which is dilapiol (91.07%). In species of the family Verbenaceae, the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes such as thymol (63.59–66.20%) was documented in Lippia thymoides essential oil [43]. In the species of Zingiberaceae, Siparunaceae, and Myristicaceae, sesquiterpenes are one of the main chemical classes in the chemical profile of the essential oil of some species, especially the compounds (E)-caryophyllene (62.38%) [59], and β-selinene (60.50%) [61].

3. Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils

Essential oils comprise different organic compounds that have conjugated carbon double bonds, where the functional species are hydroxyl radicals, which can transfer hydrogen, inhibit free radicals, and minimize oxidative stress [65]. Essential oils with antioxidant properties are preferred over synthetic antioxidants because the former are safer for human health and are eco-friendly [66][67].
Aromatic plants are a well-known source of essential oils with antioxidant properties. These properties are exhibited by the raw essential oils and the isolated chemical constituents, both of which are efficient in preventing lipid oxidation [68]. The antioxidant potential of essential oils can be attributed to a single volatile constituent present in the chemical composition or to the synergistic effect among many components [69]. Table 2 summarizes the antioxidant potential of essential oils from Amazonian plants.
Table 2. Essential oils of the Amazon and their antioxidant activities.
Species
(Plants Part)		 Family Method Results References
Aniba parviflora
(Leaves)		 Lauraceae DPPH TEAC = 90.1–287.9 mg TE/mL [18]
A. parviflora
(Branches)		 Lauraceae DPPH TEAC = 94.1–358.4 mg TE/mL [18]
A. rosaeodora
(Aerial parts)		 Lauraceae ABTS EC50 = 15.46 µg/mL [19]
Endlicheria arenosa
(Leaves)		 Lauraceae DPPH TEAC = 334.1 ± 41.6 mg TE/mL [28]
E. arenosa
(Twigs)		 Lauraceae DPPH TEAC = 252.6 ± 24.4 mg TEmL [28]
Eugenia egensis
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae DPPH TEAC = 216.5 ± 11.6 mg TE/mL [30]
E. flavescens
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae DPPH TEAC = 122.6 ± 6.8 mg TE/mL [30]
E. patrisii
(Aerial parts)		 Myrtaceae DPPH TEAC = 111.2 ± 12.4 mg TE/mL [30]
E. patrisii
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 28.9 ± 4.8% [32]
E. patrisii
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 99.0 ± 0.099% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 204.0 ± 0.877% (Specimen B)		 [31]
ABTS Inhibition = 31.4 ± 0.1% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 17.9 ± 0.069% (Specimen B)
E. punicifolia
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 408.0 ± 0.10% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 285.0 ± 0.028% (Specimen B)		 [31]
ABTS Inhibition = 9.5 ± 0.034% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 37.7 ± 0.035% (Specimen B)
E. uniflora
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 42.6 ± 0.3 to 64.2 ± 0.3% [34]
E. uniflora
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 30.3 ± 3.3 to 40.6 ± 1.9% [48]
β-Carotene Inhibition = 153.5 ± 16.5 to 228.3 ± 19.2%
MTT Inhibition = 10.8 ± 3.4 to 26.3 ± 1.2%
Hedychium coronarium
(Rhizome)		 Zingiberaceae DPPH IC50 = 9.04 ± 0.55 mg/mL [37]
ABTS IC50 = 2.87 ± 0.17 mg/mL
Lippia thymoides
(Fresh Leaves)		 Verbenaceae DPPH Inhibition = 89.97 ± 0.31% [42]
L. thymoides
(Dry leaves)		 Verbenaceae DPPH Inhibition = 63.53 b ± 5.04–73.63 ± 2.09% [42]
Mentha piperita
(Dry leaves)		 Lamiaceae DPPH AA = 79.9 ± 1.6% [44]
Myrcia splendens
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 28.4 ± 7.1% [32]
M. sylvatica
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 18.5 ± 3.5% [32]
M. tomentosa
(Dry leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 213.0 ± 0.905% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 208.5 ± 0.940% (Specimen B)		 [31]
ABTS Inhibition = 53.6 ± 0.150% (Specimen A)
Inhibition = 0.333 ± 0.247% (Specimen B)
Ocimum campechianum
(leaves and stems and inflorescences)		 Lamiaceae DPPH Inhibition = 36.0% (leaves and stems)
Inhibition = 41.6% (inflorescences)		 [48]
TEAC = 58.5 mgTE/mL (leaves and stems)
TEAC = 68.4 mgTE/mL (inflorescences)
Piper aequale
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae DPPH TEAC = 280.9 ± 22.2 mg TE/mL [52]
P. aleyreanum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae DPPH TEAC = 412.2 ± 9.5 mg TE/mL [12]
P. anonifolium
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae DPPH TEAC = 148.6 ± 26.9 mg TE/mL [12]
P. augustum
(Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH IC50 = 6.17 ± 0.33 mg/mL [37]
ABTS IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.20 mg/mL
P. brachypetiolatum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH EC50 = 64.8 ± 3.8 µg/mL [56]
ABTS EC50 = 159.7 ± 8.3 µg/mL
P. glandulosissimum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH EC50 = 104.4 ± 6.4 µg/mL [56]
ABTS EC50 = 200.9 ± 6.4 µg/mL
P. hispidum
(Aerial parts)		 Piperaceae DPPH TEAC = 303.1 ± 49.2 mg TE/mL [12]
P. leticianum
(Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH IC50 = 4.26 ± 0.11 mg/mL [37]
ABTS IC50 = 2.65 ± 0.25 mg/mL
P. madeiranum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH EC50 = 66.8 ± 5.2 µg/mL [56]
ABTS EC50 = 242.6 ± 6.8 µg/mL
P. mollipilosum
(Fresh Leaves)		 Piperaceae DPPH EC50 = 79.0 ± 4.9 µg/mL [56]
ABTS EC50 = 280.5 ± 6.6 µg/mL
Psidium guajava
(Leaves)		 Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 38.6 ± 7.0% [32]
P. guineense Myrtaceae DPPH Inhibition = 11.5 ± 2.0% (Pgui-1)
Inhibition = 27.7 ± 2.3% (Pgui-2)		 [32]
Siparuna aspera
(Leaves)		 Siparunaceae DPPH IC50 = 20.70 ± 0.80 mg/mL [37]
ABTS IC50 = 1.12 ± 0.04 mg/mL
S. macrotepala
(Leaves)		 Siparunaceae DPPH IC50 = 29.37 ± 1.15 mg/mL [37]
ABTS IC50 = 0.80 ± 0.03 mg/mL
DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate); EC50 (concentration required to obtain 50% antioxidant effect).
Studies on the antioxidant capacity of essential oils from the Amazon region have shown promising results. da Silva et al. [18] studied the essential oil from both the leaves and branches of Aniba parviflora, which strongly inhibited 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals. The authors indicated that the antioxidant activity may be related to the presence of β-phellandrene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, and γ-eudesmol, which presented antioxidant potential in other documented studies.
The antioxidant potential of some essential oils is equivalent to the inhibition potential of the Trolox standard determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, as observed for the essential oils of leaves and twigs of Endlicheria arenosa [28]. These results may be related to the difference in the chemical composition of the two oils because the chemical profile of the product distilled from the leaves was characterized by the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons bicyclogermacrene (42.2%), germacrene D (12.5%), and β-caryophyllene (10.1%).
Other studies have shown that the inhibition potential of essential oils for the free radicals DPPH and ABTS is higher than that of the Trolox standard, as in the case of the essential oils of Eugenia patrisii, E. punicifolia, and Myrcia tomentosa [31]. Some studies have also reported that a high thymol content may favor higher potential inhibition for essential oils, in which thymol is a major constituent [42]. This is a result of the presence of hydroxyl radicals that facilitate the capture of free radicals and reduce the effects of lipid oxidation [70].

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Subjects: Medicine, Research & Experimental
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira
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Jorddy Neves Cruz
,
Ângelo Antônio Barbosa de Moraes
,
Celeste de Jesus Pereira Franco
,
Rafael Rodrigues Lima
,
Taina Oliveira dos Anjos
,
Giovanna Moraes Siqueira
,
Lidiane Diniz do Nascimento
,
Márcia Moraes Cascaes
,
Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira
,
Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade
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Update Date: 14 Jul 2022
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