Essential oils are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants, and in their chemical composition, they can be identified different classes of compounds with potential antioxidant and biological applications.I Over the years in the Amazon, several species of aromatic plants were discovered and used in traditional medicine. The esseliterature has shown that essential oils extracted from amazon species have several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antiprotozoal activities. These activities are related to the diversified chemical composition found in essential oils that, by synergism, favors its pharmacological action. In light of this vital importance, this study aimed at performing a review of the literature with particular emphasis on the chemical composition and biological activities in studies conducted with species collected in the Amazon, taking into consideration in particular the last 10 years of collection and research
Species | Family | Extraction Method | Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anaxagorea brevipes (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-eudesmol (13.16%), α-eudesmol (13.05%), γ-eudesmol (7.54%), guaiol (5.12%), caryophyllene oxide (4.18%) and β-bisabolene (4.10%) | [15] |
Aniba duckei (Synonym: A. rosaeodora) (leaves and thin branches) |
Lauraceae |
Species (Plants Part) |
Family | Method | Results | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aniba parviflora (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | DPPH | TEAC = 90.1–287.9 mg TE/mL | [18] | |||||
A. parviflora | HD | (Branches) | linalool (89.34%) | [16] | |||||
Lauraceae | DPPH | TEAC = 94.1–358.4 mg TE/mL | [ | 18] | A. parviflora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (45.0%) | |
A. rosaeodora (Aerial parts) | [ | Lauraceae | 17 | ] | |||||
ABTS | EC | 50 | = 15.46 µg/mL | [19] | A. parviflora (branches) |
Lauraceae | |||
Endlicheria arenosa | HD | (Leaves) | γ-eudesmol (16.80%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.70%), linalool (12.40%), β-phellandrene (6.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.00%) | [18] | |||||
Lauraceae | DPPH | TEAC = 334.1 ± 41.6 mg TE/mL | [ | 28] | A. parviflora (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-phellandrene (15.10%), linalool (14.10%) and γ-eudesmol (12.90%). | |
E. arenosa (Twigs) | [ | 18 | ] | ||||||
Lauraceae | DPPH | TEAC = 252.6 ± 24.4 mg TEmL | [ | 28] | A. rosaeodora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (88.60%) | [17] |
Eugenia egensis (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 216.5 ± 11.6 mg TE/mL | [30] | A. rosaeodora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (93.60%) | [19] |
E. flavescens (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 122.6 ± 6.8 mg TE/mL | [30] | Annona exsucca (Dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | |||
E. patrisii | HD | (Aerial parts) | (E)-caryophyllene (31.26%), linalool (10.80%), β-elemene (10.30%), germacrene D (10.28%), bicyclogermacrene (9.84%) | Myrtaceae | DPPH[ | TEAC = 111.2 ± 12.4 mg TE/mL20] | |||
[ | 30 | ] | Bauhinia ungulata (leaves) |
Fabaceae | HD | (E | |||
E. patrisii (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | )-caryophyllene (15.9%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) α-humulene (8.1%) and | DPPHepi-γ-eudesmol (7.5%) | [21] | |||||
Inhibition = 28.9 ± 4.8% | [ | 32 | ] | Bocageopsis pleiosperma (Barks) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-bisabolene (38.53%), δ-cadinene (7.55%), β-selinene (6.46%) and α-selinene (5.18%) | [22] | |
B. pleiosperma (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | |||||||
E. patrisii (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 99.0 ± 0.099% (Specimen A) Inhibition = 204.0 ± 0.877% (Specimen B) |
[31] | β-bisabolene (55.77%), (E)-α-bergamotene (6.94%) and β-farnesene (E) (6.05%) | [22] | |||
ABTS | Inhibition = 31.4 ± 0.1% (Specimen A) Inhibition = 17.9 ± 0.069% (Specimen B) |
B. pleiosperma (twigs) |
Annonaceae | HD | |||||
E. punicifolia (Dry leaves) | β-bisabolene (34.37%), cryptomerione (9,60%) and (2 | Z | , 6Z)-farnesol (7,20%), | Myrtaceae | [22] | ||||
DPPH | Inhibition = 408.0 ± 0.10% (Specimen A) | Inhibition = 285.0 ± 0.028% (Specimen B) | ] | B. multiflora (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (20.30%) and β-bisabolene (11.90%) | ||
ABTS | Inhibition = 9.5 ± 0.034% (Specimen A) | [ | 23 | ] | |||||
Inhibition = 37.7 ± 0.035% (Specimen B) | B. multiflora (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | cis-linalool oxide (33.10%) and 1-epi-cubenol (16.60%). | |||||
E. uniflora (Leaves) | [ | 24 | ] | ||||||
Myrtaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 42.6 ± 0.3 to 64.2 ± 0.3% | [ | 34] | B. multiflora (fresh leaves) |
||||
E. uniflora | Annonaceae | HD | (Dry leaves) | spathulenol (13.00–16.20%), β-bisabolene (13.20–13.80%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.70–12.00%) | [25] | ||||
Myrtaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 30.3 ± 3.3 to 40.6 ± 1.9% | [ | 48] | Copaifera multijuga (resin) |
Fabaceae | Perforation in the trunk of the species | ||
β-Carotene | ( | E | )-caryophyllene (57.29%), caryophyllene oxide (10.34%) and α-humulene (9.11%) | [ | Inhibition = 153.5 ± 16.5 to 228.3 ± 19.2%26] | ||||
Croton cajucara (leaves) |
Euphorbiaceae | HD | 7-hydroxycalamenene | [27] | |||||
MTT | Inhibition = 10.8 ± 3.4 to 26.3 ± 1.2% | Duguetia quitarensis (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | 4-heptanol (33.80%), α-thujene (18.40%) and (E)-caryophyllene (14.40%) | [24] | |||
Endlicheria arenosa | |||||||||
Hedychium coronarium (Rhizome) |
Zingiberaceae | DPPH | IC50 = 9.04 ± 0.55 mg/mL | [37] | (Leaves) | Lauraceae | HD | bicyclogermacrene (42.20%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.10%). | [28] |
ABTS | IC50 = 2.87 ± 0.17 mg/mL | E. arenosa (Twigs) |
Lauraceae | HD | limonene (33.20%) and terpinen-4-ol (15.60%) | [28] | |||
Lippia thymoides (Fresh Leaves) |
Verbenaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 89.97 ± 0.31% | [42] | Ephedranthus amazonicus (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | |||
L. thymoides (Dry leaves) | HD | spathulenol (16.90%) and humulene epoxide II (16.30%) | Verbenaceae | [23] | |||||
DPPH | Inhibition = 63.53 b ± 5.04–73.63 ± 2.09% | [ | 42 | ] | Eugenia cuspidifolia (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (57.46%) and α-copaene (3.75%) | [29] |
Mentha piperita (Dry leaves) |
Lamiaceae | DPPH | AA = 79.9 ± 1.6% | [44] | E. egensis (Aerial parts) |
||||
Myrcia splendens (Leaves) | Myrtaceae | HD | Myrtaceae5-hydroxy-(Z)-calamenene (35.80%), ( | DPPHE)-caryophyllene (8.90%) and (E)-cadina-1,4-diene (6.30%) | Inhibition = 28.4 ± 7.1%[30] | ||||
[ | 32 | ] | E. flavescens (Aerial parts) |
||||||
M. sylvatica | Myrtaceae | HD |
(Leaves) | Myrtaceae( | DPPHE)-γ-bisabolene (35.00%) and β-bisabolene (34.70%) | [30] | |||
Inhibition = 18.5 ± 3.5% | [ | 32 | ] | E. patrisii (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (2 | ||
M. tomentosa (Dry leaves) | E | ,6 | E)-Farnesol (34.50%) and (2 | Myrtaceae | E,6Z)-Farnesol (23.20%). | [30] | |||
DPPH | E. patrisii (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: germacrene D (20.03%), bicyclogermacrene (11.82%) and (E)-caryophyllene (11.04%) September: γ-elemene (25.89%), (E)-caryophyllene (10.76%) and germacrene B (8.11%) |
[31] | ||||
E. patrisii (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (32.00%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) | [32] | |||||
E. piauhiensis (dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | γ-elemene (17.48%), (E)- caryophyllene (16.46%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.11%) | [33] | |||||
E. polystachya (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene D (18.40%), ishwarane (15.70%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (7.50%) | [30] | |||||
E. punicifolia (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: β-elemene (25.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.11%), bicyclogermacrene (9.88%) and selin-11-en-4α-ol (9.16%) September: (E)-caryophyllene (11.47%), β-pinene (5.86%), bicyclogermacrene (5.86%), and γ-muurolene (5.55%) |
[31] | |||||
[ | 31 | Inhibition = 213.0 ± 0.905% (Specimen A) | Inhibition = 208.5 ± 0.940% (Specimen B) |
[31] | |||||
ABTS | Inhibition = 53.6 ± 0.150% (Specimen A) Inhibition = 0.333 ± 0.247% (Specimen B) |
||||||||
Ocimum campechianum (leaves and stems and inflorescences) |
Lamiaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 36.0% (leaves and stems) Inhibition = 41.6% (inflorescences) |
E. stipitata (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene D (11.80%) and Z-α-bisabolene (8.38%). | [32] | |
[ | 48 | ] | |||||||
TEAC = 58.5 mgTE/mL (leaves and stems) TEAC = 68.4 mgTE/mL (inflorescences) |
|||||||||
Piper aequale (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 280.9 ± 22.2 mg TE/mL | [52] | |||||
P. aleyreanum (Aerial parts) |
E. uniflora (leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | Curzerene (34.40—53.10%) | [34] | ||||
Piperaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 412.2 ± 9.5 mg TE/mL | [ | 12] | |||||
P. anonifolium (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 148.6 ± 26.9 mg TE/mL | [12] | |||||
P. augustum (Leaves) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | IC50 = 6.17 ± 0.33 mg/mL | [37] | E. tapacumensis (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (55.95%) and α-copaene (13.67%) | [29] |
ABTS | IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.20 mg/mL | Fusaea longifolia (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-selinene (19.30%), cis | ||||
P. brachypetiolatum (Fresh Leaves) | -β-guaiene (18.30%), ( | Piperaceae | Z | DPPH)-α-bisabolene (12.00%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.10%) | EC50 = 64.8 ± 3.8 µg/mL[24] | ||||
[ | 56 | Guatteria blepharophylla (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (55.70%). | [23] | |||
] | |||||||||
ABTS | EC50 = 159.7 ± 8.3 µg/mL | G. friesiana (dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-eudesmol (51.92 ± 9.15%), γ-eudesmol (18.91 ± 5.41%) and α-eudesmol (12.56 ± 2.80%) | [35] | |||
P. glandulosissimum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | EC50 = 104.4 ± 6.4 µg/mL | [56] | G. megalophylla | Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (27.76%), γ-muurolene (14.34%), bicyclogermacrene (10.47%) and β-elemene (7.48%) | [36] |
ABTS | EC50 = 200.9 ± 6.4 µg/mL | G. pogonopus (dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (24.80 ± 11.38%), γ-amorphene (14.72 ± 3.37%) and germacrene D (11.75 ± 6.33%). | [35] | |||
P. hispidum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | TEAC = 303.1 ± 49.2 mg TE/mL | [12] | G. punctata (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | ||
P. leticianum | germacrene D (19.80%), ( | E | )-nerolidol (9.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.40%). | (Leaves) | [24] | ||||
Piperaceae | DPPH | IC | 50 = 4.26 ± 0.11 mg/mL | [37] | Hedychium coronarium (Rhizome) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | eucalyptol (33.70%), β-pinene (30.00%) and α-pinene (10.00%) | [37] |
ABTS | IC50 = 2.65 ± 0.25 mg/mL | Ipomea setifera (Dry leaves) |
Convolvulaceae | SD | (E)-caryophyllene (36.70%) and β-elemene (20.49%) | ||||
P. madeiranum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | EC50 | [38] | |||||
= 66.8 ± 5.2 µg/mL | [ | 56 | ] | I. asarifolia (Dry leaves) |
Convolvulaceae | ||||
ABTS | EC | SD | phytol derivade (10.67–35.49%) and (E)-caryophyllene (15.93–19.93%) | 50[38] | |||||
= 242.6 ± 6.8 µg/mL | Iryanthera polyneura (Leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | spathulenol (6.42 ± 1.02%), α-cadinol (5.82 ± 0.40%) and τ-muurolol (5.24 ± 0.03%). |
[39] | ||||
P. mollipilosum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | DPPH | EC50 = 79.0 ± 4.9 µg/mL | [56] | Lippia gracilis (dry leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | limonene (56.16%), geraniol (12.09%) and β-myrcene (6.22%). | [33] |
ABTS | EC50 = 280.5 ± 6.6 µg/mL | L. origanoides (aerial parts) | Verbenaceae | HD | Carvacrol (37.12%), p-cymene (11.64%) and thymol (7.83%) | ||||
Psidium guajava (Leaves) | [ | 40 | ] | ||||||
Myrtaceae | DPPH | Inhibition = 38.6 ± 7.0% | [ | 32] | L. origanoides (leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | carvacrol (48.31%), p-cymene (9.11%), thymol (8.78%), ( | |
P. guineense | E | )-caryophyllene (6.74%) and 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone (6.63%) | Myrtaceae | [ | DPPH | Inhibition = 11.5 ± 2.0% (Pgui-1) Inhibition = 27.7 ± 2.3% (Pgui-2)41] |
|||
[ | 32 | ] | L. thymoides (Fresh and Dry Leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (59.29–62.78%), p | |||
Siparuna aspera (Leaves) |
Siparunaceae | -cymene (2.97–8.97%), ( | DPPHE)-caryophyllene (5.21–8.84%) and thymyl acetate (4.92–7.22%). | IC50 = 20.70 ± 0.80 mg/mL[42] | |||||
[ | 37 | ] | L. thymoides (Freash and Dry leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (58.90–66.33%), thymol acetate (7.49–8.10%), γ-terpinene (7.58–9.36%) and p-cymene (5.30–8.36%). | [43] | ||
ABTS | IC50 = 1.12 ± 0.04 mg/mL | L. thymoides (Freash and Dry flowers) |
Verbenaceae | HD | |||||
S. macrotepala (Leaves) | thymol (37.86–48.04%), thymol acetate (21.44–33.81), γ-terpinene (0.15–15.06%) and | Siparunaceae | p-cymene (0.07–7.18%) | DPPH | IC50[43] | ||||
= 29.37 ± 1.15 mg/mL | [ | 37 | ] | L. thymoides (Freash and Dry branches) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (63.59–66.20%), thymol acetate (5.07–5.96%) γ-terpinene (3.39–9.36%) and p-cymene (3.27–3.35%) | [43] | |
L. thymoides (Freash and Dry roots) |
Verbenaceae | HD | (11Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid (38–02-40.92%), (9Z)-octadecenoic acid (27.40–28.21%) and thymol (19.34–22.18%) | [43] | |||||
Mentha piperita (Dry leaves) |
Lamiaceae | HD | linalool (51.80%) and epoxyocimene (19.30%). | [44] | |||||
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (aerial parts) |
Lamiaceae | HD | eucalyptol (30.15–64.44%), linalool (0.00–12.85%), β-pinene (3.27–9.04%) and sabinene (0.00–8.58%) | [45] | |||||
Myrcia erythroxylon (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | α-humulene (26.79%), bicyclogermacrene (13.26%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.55%) | [33] | |||||
M. splendens (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (45.80%) |
[32] | |||||
M. splendens (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (36.23%), trans-γ-bisabolene (10.04%), cis-γ-bisabolene (8.33%) and trans-β-farnesene (7.81%) |
[46] | |||||
M. sylvatica (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene B (24.50%) and γ-elemene (12.50%) |
[32] | |||||
M. sylvatica (Fresh leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | 1-epi-cubenol (9.90%), cadalene (7.20%), β-selinene (7.00%), β-calacorene (5.40%), cis-calamenene (4.80%), muskatone (4.40%), δ-cadinene (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and ar-curcumene (1.90%) | [10] | |||||
M. sylvatica (Dried Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | ar-curcumene (7.60%), 1-epi-cubenol (6.90%), β-selinene (6.00%), cadalene (5.80%), β-calacorene (5.50%), cis-calamenene (5.20%), arturmerol (4.90%), δ-cadineno (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and muskatone (3.40%). | [10] | |||||
M. tomentosa (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: γ-elemene (12.52%), germacrene D (11.45%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.22%) September: spathulenol (40.70%), zingiberene (9.58%) and γ-elemene (6.89%) |
[31] | |||||
Nectandra cuspidata (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (26.90%) and bicyclogermacrene (16.00%) | [47] | |||||
N. puberula (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | apiole (22.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.10%) and β-pinene (13.30%). | [47] | |||||
N. puberula (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | apiole (28.10%), pogostol (19.80%) and viridiflorol (11.20%) | [47] | |||||
Ocimum campechianum (leaves and stems) |
Lamiaceae | HD | methyleugenol (80.00– 87.00%) |
[48] | |||||
O. campechianum (inflorescences) |
Lamiaceae | HD | methyleugenol (75.30–83.50%) | [48] | |||||
O. canum (dry leaves) |
Lamiaceae | HD | thymol (42.15%), p-cymene (21.17%) and γ-terpinene (19.81%) | [49] | |||||
Ocotea caniculata (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-selinene (20.30%), β-caryophyllene (18.90%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (14.30%) | [50] | |||||
O. caniculata (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%) | [50] | |||||
O. caudata (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | bicyclogermacrene (29.60%), germacrene D (19.90%) and α-pinene (9.80%) | [50] | |||||
O. caudata (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | δ-cadinene (13.8%), germacrene D (8.9%), and α-muurulol (7.80%) | [50] | |||||
O. cujumary (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-caryophyllene (22.20%), caryophyllene oxide (12.40%) and 2-tridecanone (7.30%) | [50] | |||||
O. cujumary (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%). | [50] | |||||
Onychopetalum amazonicum (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (17.00%), caryophyllene oxide (11.90%) and spathulenol (10.40%) | [51] | |||||
O. amazonicum (trunk bark) |
Annonaceae | HD | α-epi-cadinol (14.00–24.10%), allo-aromadendrene (21.20%) and α-gurjunene (10.60–14.90%) | [51] | |||||
Piper aequale (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | δ-elemeno (18.92%), β-pineno (15.56%), α-pinene (12.57%), cubebol (7.20%), β-atlantol (5.87%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.51%) | [52] | |||||
P. aduncum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | dilapiole (64.40%), piperitone (3.30%) and (E)-β-ocimene (3.00%) | [53] | |||||
P. aduncum (Dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | MAE | dilapiol (91.07%) | [54] | |||||
ABTS | IC | P. aduncum (Dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | SD | dilapiole (53.60%), myristicin (24.30%) and (Z)-carpacin (11.90%) | [55] | |||
P. aleyreanum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-elemene (16.30%), bicyclogermacrene (9.20%), δ-elemene (8.20%), germacrene D (6.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (6.20%) | [12] | |||||
P. anonifolium (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-ol (20.00%), β-selinene (12.70%), α-selinene (11.90%) and α-pinene (8.80%). | [12] | |||||
P. augustum (Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (11.20%) and β-elemene (5.80%) | [37] | |||||
P. brachypetiolatum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-nerolidol (44.23 ± 2.23%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.08 ± 0.74%) | [56] | |||||
P. callosum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | Safrole (69.20%), methyleugenol (8.60%) and myrcene (6.20%) | [53] | |||||
P. capitarianum (Leaves, stems, and inflorescences) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (15.30–20.00%), α-humulene (9.10–12.70%), β-myrcene (1.40–10.50%), α-selinene (5.30–7.00%) and β-selinene (4.90–6.30%) | [57] | |||||
P. demeraranum (dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-elemene (33.10%), Limonene (19.30%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.80%) | [58] | |||||
P. divaricatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | methyleugenol (69.20%), eugenol (16.20%) and germacreno D (3.50%) | [53] | |||||
P. duckei (dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (14.70%) and eucalyptol (5.80%) | [58] | |||||
P. glandulosissimum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (19.11 ± 0.40%), α-selinene (8.38 ± 0.17%) and β-selinene (6.38 ± 0.13%) | [56] | |||||
P. hispidum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (10.50%), α-humulene (9.50%), δ-3-carene (9.10%), α-copaene (7.30%), limonene (6.90%), caryophyllene oxide (5.90%) and β-selinene (5.10%). | [12] | |||||
P. leticianum (Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (21.80%), germacrene D (9.00%) and β-elemene (5.10%) | [37] | |||||
P. madeiranum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (16.92 ± 0.21%), selin-11-en-4-a-ol (9.26 ± 0.12%), β-copaene (9.16 ± 0.12%) and β-selinene (8.70 ± 0.11%). | [56] | |||||
P. marginatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | p-mentha-1(7),8-diene (39.00%) and 3,4-methylenedioxy propiophenone (19.00%), |
[53] | |||||
P. marginatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-isoosmorhizole (32.20%) and (E)-anethole (26.40%) | [53] | |||||
P. mollipilosum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-selinene (32.44 ± 1.14%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.70 ± 0.42%), | [56] | |||||
Psidium guajava | Myrtaceae | HD | epi-β-bisabolol (16.10%), ar-curcumene (9.80%), β-bisabolene (9.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.10%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.50%) | [32] | |||||
P. guineense Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | limonene (30.20–30.4%) and α-pinene (17.70–22.50%) | [32] | |||||
P. myrsinites (dry Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (26.05%), α-humulene (23.92%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.09%) | [33] | |||||
Renealmia breviscapa (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (62.38%), α-Humulene (9.56%) and guaiol (9.27%) | [59] | |||||
R. breviscapa (fresh leaves) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (28.25%), cis-3-hexenol (15.05%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.90%) | [59] | |||||
50 | = 0.80 ± 0.03 mg/mL | R. chrysotricha (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | α-terpineol (26.14%), coronarin E (25.10%) and eucalyptol (15.87%) | [59] | |||
R. chrysotricha (Fresh leavess) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | cis-3-hexenol (57.28%), (E)- caryophyllene (6.85%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.92%) | [59] | |||||
R. nicolaioides (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (22.78%), α-terpineol (14.15%) and (E)-nerolidol (11.06%) | [59] | |||||
R. nicolaioides (fresh leaves) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-nerolidol (21.03%), α-terpineol (11.92%) and germacrene D (10.33%) | [59] | |||||
Siparuna aspera (Leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | germacrene D (23.30%), bicyclogermacrene (7.80%) and α-pinene (7.00%). | [37] | |||||
S. camporum (dry leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | γ-patchoulene (28.63%), α-Phellandrene (12.80%) and Guaiadiene-6,9 (9.23%), | [33] | |||||
S. macrotepala (Leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | germacrene D (42.10%), bicyclogermacrene (11.80%) and δ-cadinene (5.00%) | [37] | |||||
Syzygium cumini (leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | α-pinene | [60] | |||||
Virola calophyla (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (55.70%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.80%) | [61] | |||||
V. multinervia (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (54.80%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) | [61] | |||||
V. pavonis (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | β-selinene (60.50%) and (E)-caryophyllene (12.70%) | [61] | |||||
V. surinamensis (barks) |
Myristicaceae | HD | Aristolene (28.40 ± 5.03%), α-gurjunene (15.00 ± 3.17%) and valencene (14.10 ± 4.87%). | [62] | |||||
V. surinamensis (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | α-farnensene (14.50 ± 3.24), β-elemene (9.61 ± 1.02%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.10 ± 2.42%). | [62] | |||||
Vismia cayennensis (Leaves) |
Hypericaceae | HD | germacrone (25.42%) and curzerene (25.29%) | [63] | |||||
V. guianensis (Leaves) |
Hypericaceae | HD | α-copaene (29.45%), (E)-nerolidol (24.06%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.04%) | [63] | |||||
Xylopia aromatica (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (21.50%, trans-pinocarveol (10.20%) and dihidrocarveol (11.60%) | [23] |