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Topic Review
mTORC1-Autophagy Axis for Skeletal Muscle Diseases
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, mTORC1, integrates nutrient and growth factor signals with cellular responses and plays critical roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and lifespan. mTORC1 signaling has been reported as a central regulator of autophagy by modulating almost all aspects of the autophagic process, including initiation, expansion, and termination. An increasing number of studies suggest that mTORC1 and autophagy are critical for the physiological function of skeletal muscle and are involved in diverse muscle diseases.
  • 822
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biological and Hydrobiological Background of Pond Carp Breeding
In the Central European region, there is a long tradition of breeding fish in artificially constructed ponds. As the area belongs to the temperate zone, farmed fish need to survive cold winter periods. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which is an omnivorous, bioturbating species, is well adapted to warm and cold periods and the alluvial water environment. Since the Middle Ages, a large scale, efficient carp farming methodology has been developed in the region, where production is based on natural resources (protein and fatty acid sources) of renewable water ecosystems.
  • 820
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Salicornia sp. pl. (Annual)
Salicornia, also commonly known as pickleweed, glasswort, sea asparagus and samphire, derives its name from the Latin word meaning “salt” and includes strictly halophytes.  Salicornia species thrive in littoral and coastal salt marsh or in inland salt pans, forming distinct vegetation types subjected to different flooding regimes with brackish-to-saline water (depending on tidal influences) and usually composed of almost monospecific plant communities; in general,  annual Salicornia occur in the innermost parts of the salt marshes, subject to longer periods of submersion. Asssregards their taxonomy, two series have been traditionally identified, diploid and tetraploid, each of them with numerous species and micro-species. Only three entities are recognized in the Mediterranean: Salicornia procumbens subsp. procumbens (tetraploid, distributed along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts and including Salicornia emerici, Salicornia veneta and Salicornia dolichostachya), Salicornia perennans subsp. perennans (diploid, with Mediterranean and Eurasian distribution, including Salicornia patula) and Salicornia europaea subsp. europaea (diploid, western Mediterranean). They are almost all of food interest, because of herbaceous in consistency, and the tender tips of the young branches, that are harvested during summer and thean prepared i numerous  recipes based on geographic area of interest. Being therophytes, the only method of propagation is by the generative way (from seeds). Salicornia sp. pl. is cultivated on a commercial scale in Israel and in Mexico, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and India. In many parts of the Europe, the use of this halophyte is mainly based on the harvesting of wild plants, while only in the Netherlands, Portugal and France are the plants of Salicornia sp. pl. cultivated. In Italy, the first attempts of S. patula cultivation for family consumption started over 40 years ago in the gardens located around the Lesina lagoon (Apulia, Southern Italy). Like other halophilic species, even in glassworts the stress of the alkaline environment induces the synthesis of metabolites that can be useful to humans for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power.
  • 818
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antifungal Essential Oils of Lamiaceae
The incidence of fungal infections has been steadily increasing in recent years. Systemic mycoses are characterized by the highest mortality. At the same time, the frequency of infections caused by drug-resistant strains and new pathogens e.g., Candida auris increases. An alternative to medicines may be essential oils, which can have a broad antimicrobial spectrum. Rich in the essential oils are plants from the Lamiaceae family. 
  • 816
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Post-Translational Modifications in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It consists of two different subtypes: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Despite novel therapeutic options such as immunotherapy, only 20% of lung cancer patients survive the disease after five years. This low survival rate is due to acquired drug resistance and severe off-target effects caused by currently used therapies. Identification and development of novel and targeted therapeutic approaches are urgently required to improve the standard of care for lung cancer patients.
  • 812
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Forensic Applications of Markers Present on X Chromosome
The X chromosome is considered one of the most stable nuclear chromosomes, presenting a size length of approximately 155 million base pairs (Mb), accounting for nearly 5% of the human genome. The X chromosome has many characteristics that are not shared by its counterpart, the Y chromosome. In males, the heterogametic sex, there is a single copy of the X chromosome and a single Y chromosome, while in females, there are two copies of the X chromosome. These mammalian sex chromosomes are believed to have evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes, referred to as the ancestral protosex chromosomes. The proto-X and proto-Y underwent a series of deletion/addition events during evolution and became the modern X and Y. Additionally, it is believed that a mutation in a sex-determining locus (SRY) is responsible for triggering an evolutionary process of stepwise loss of recombination between the ancestral autosome pair, creating an X-specific region and a Y-specific region in the proto-Y (MSY).
  • 810
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
G-Quadruplex-Binding Proteins
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical secondary nucleic acid structures. Sequences with the potential to form G4s are abundant in regulatory regions of the genome including telomeres, promoters and 5′ non-coding regions, indicating they fulfill important genome regulatory functions. In recent years, an increasing number of G-quadruplex-binding proteins have been identified with biochemical experiments. G4-binding proteins are involved in vital cellular processes such as telomere maintenance, DNA replication, gene transcription, mRNA processing. Therefore, G4-binding proteins are also associated with various human diseases.
  • 809
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
GPCR
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that respond to a wide variety of stimuli, from light, odorants, hormones, and neurotransmitters to proteins and extracellular calcium. GPCRs represent the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by many clinically used drugs.
  • 808
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Perivascular Adipose Tissue
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is the connective tissue surrounding most of the systemic blood vessels. PVAT is now recognized as an important endocrine tissue that maintains vascular homeostasis. Healthy PVAT has anticontractile, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative roles. Vascular oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological event in cardiometabolic complications of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Accumulating data from both humans and experimental animal models suggests that PVAT dysfunction is potentially linked to cardiovascular diseases, and associated with augmented vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and arterial remodeling. Reactive oxygen species produced from PVAT can be originated from mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase. PVAT can also sense vascular paracrine signals and response by secreting vasoactive adipokines. Therefore, PVAT may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
  • 806
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Management of Andean Lupin Anthracnose
The lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume domesticated and cultivated for more than 4000 years by the pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean zone. Due to its good taste and protein content, the lupin seed contributes significantly to the food and nutritional security of the Andean population. However, lupin is susceptible to diseases, and of these, anthracnose is the most devastating as it affects the whole crop, including leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. Seed treatment with fungicides reduces transmission from seed to seedling, but it does not eradicate anthracnose. Attention is given to alternative strategies from sowing to harvest to limit this seed borne pathogen as well as to enhance plant resistance and to promote plant growth. For anthracnose management in the field, integrated practices that encompass control of volunteer plants, lupin ontogenetic resistance, and rotation of biocontrol with chemical fungicides at susceptible phenological stages are considered.  
  • 806
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
JAK inhibitors and immune system
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in many malignancies. Inhibition of this pathway via JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy underlined by Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) being approved for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. As a consequence of the crucial role of the JAK-STAT pathway in the regulation of immune responses, inhibition of JAKs suppresses the immune system. This review article provides a thorough overview of the current knowledge on JAKinibs’ effects on immune cells in the context of hematological malignancies. We also discuss the potential use of JAKinibs for the treatment of diseases in which lymphocytes are the source of the malignancy.
  • 805
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Obesity, AR Signaling and BC
Obesity is an increasing health challenge and is recognized as a breast cancer risk factor. Although obesity-related breast cancer mechanisms are not fully understood, this association has been linked to impaired hormone secretion by the dysfunctional obese adipose tissue (hyperplasic and hypertrophic adipocytes). Among these hormones, altered production of androgens and adipokines is observed, and both, are independently associated with breast cancer development. 
  • 802
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ligands of Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are targets of many drugs for various conditions, including treatment of hypertension, hypotension, and asthma. Adrenergic receptors are intensively studied in structural biology, displayed for binding poses of different types of ligands.
  • 802
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tannin Gels
Tannins are one of the most natural, non-toxic, and highly reactive aromatic biomolecules classified as polyphenols. The reactive phenolic compounds present in their chemical structure can be an alternative precursor for the preparation of several polymeric materials for applications in distinct industries: adhesives and coatings, leather tanning, wood protection, wine manufacture, animal feed industries, and recently also in the production of new porous materials (i.e., foams and gels). Among these new polymeric materials synthesized with tannins, organic and carbon gels have shown remarkable textural and physicochemical properties.
  • 802
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Glucose Variability: Molecular Biology
Glucose variability (GV) plays a role in the development of the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Current data indicate that the deteriorating effect of GV on target organs can be realized through oxidative stress, glycation, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, impaired angiogenesis and renal fibrosis. The effects of GV on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability could be aggravated by hypoglycemia, associated with high GV. Oscillating hyperglycemia contributes to beta cell dysfunction, which leads to a further increase in GV and completes the vicious circle. In cells, the GV-induced cytotoxic effect includes mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbances in autophagic flux, which are accompanied by reduced viability, activation of apoptosis and abnormalities in cell proliferation. These effects are realized through the up- and down-regulation of a large number of genes and the activity of signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK (ERK), JNK and TGF-β/Smad. Epigenetic modifications mediate the postponed effects of glucose fluctuations. The multiple deteriorative effects of GV provide further support for considering it as a therapeutic target in diabetes.
  • 800
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy
Lack of disease-modifying therapy against epileptogenesis reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis as well as the high demand to explore novel treatment strategies. In the pursuit of developing new therapeutic strategies against epileptogenesis, neurodegenerative proteins have recently gained increased attention. Owing to the fact that neurodegenerative disease and epileptogenesis possibly share a common underlying mechanism, targeting neurodegenerative proteins against epileptogenesis might represent a promising therapeutic approach.
  • 798
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Soil as a Source of Fungi Pathogenic for Public Health
Soil is an environment for huge diversity of fungi, which fulfill various tasks and support the maintaining of soil health. At the same time, varieties of soil fungal species, which produce numerous airborne spores and a range of mycotoxins, are known to be pathogenic for human health. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge on soil fungi causing public health problems, including dermatoses, allergies, pulmonary diseases, wound infections, infections of the central nervous system, etc.
  • 798
  • 26 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Functionalized Mesoporous Thin Films
Functionalized thin films of mesoporous silica and titania can be used as scaffolds with properties as diverse as promotion of cell growth, inhibition of biofilms formation, or development of sensors based on immobilized enzymes. The possibility to pattern them increase their appeal as they can be incorporated into devices and can be tailored both with respect to architecture and functionalization. In fact, selective surface manipulation is the ground for the fabrication of advanced micro devices that combine standard micro/nanofluids with functional materials.
  • 796
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PPARdelta in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the skin. Three PPAR isotypes, α (NRC1C1), β or δ (NRC1C2) and γ (NRC1C3), have been identified. After activation through ligand binding, PPARs heterodimerize with the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR), another nuclear hormone receptor, to bind to specific PPAR-responsive elements in regulatory regions of target genes mainly involved in organogenesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammation and metabolism of lipids or carbohydrates. Endogenous PPAR ligands are fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. In past years, much emphasis has been given to PPARα and γ in skin diseases. PPARβ/δ is the least studied PPAR family member in the skin despite its key role in several important pathways regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, metabolism and the oxidative stress response. 
  • 793
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeting CDK4/6 for Anticancer Therapy
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) are key regulators of the cell cycle and are deemed as critical therapeutic targets of multiple cancers. Various approaches have been applied to silence CDK4/6 at different levels, i.e., CRISPR to knock out at the DNA level, siRNA to inhibit translation, and drugs that target the protein of interest. Here we summarize the current status in this field, highlighting the mechanisms of small molecular inhibitors treatment and drug resistance.
  • 793
  • 12 Apr 2022
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