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Topic Review
IAQ and Façade–Ventilation Systems
Poor indoor air quality affects the health of the occupants of a given structure or building. It reduces the effectiveness of learning and work efficiency. Among many pollutants, PM 2.5 and 10 dusts are extremely important. They can be eliminated using mechanical ventilation equipped with filters. Façade ventilation devices are used as a way to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) in existing buildings. For their analysis, researchers used carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. They have shown that façade ventilation devices are an effective way to improve IAQ, but require further analysis due to the sensitivity of façade ventilation devices to the effects of wind and outdoor temperature. In addition, legal regulations in some countries require verification in order to enable the use of this type of solution as a way to improve IAQ in an era characterised by the effort to transform buildings into passive houses (standard for energy efficiency in a building). 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Penicillium polinicum and Helianthus tuberosus
During preservation, Jerusalem artichoke (JA) tubers are subjected to deterioration by mold fungi under storage, which signifies a serious problem. A new blue mold (Penicillium polonium) was recorded for the first time on JA tubers. Penicillium mold was isolated, identified (morphologically, and molecularly), and deposited in GenBank; (MW041259). The fungus has a multi-lytic capacity, facilitated by various enzymes capable of severely destroying the tuber components. An economic oil-based procedure was applied for preserving and retaining the nutritive value of JA tubers under storage conditions. Caraway and clove essential oils, at a concentration of 2%, were selected based on their strong antifungal actions. JA tubers were treated with individual oils under storage, kept between peat moss layers, and stored at room temperature. Tubers treated with both oils exhibited lower blue mold severity, sprouting and weight loss, and higher levels of carbohydrates, inulin, and protein contents accompanied by increased levels of defense-related phytochemicals (total phenols, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase). Caraway was superior, but the results endorse the use of both essential oils for the preservation of JA tubers at room temperature, as an economic and eco-safe storage technique against the new blue mold.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials-Based Enzymatic Biosensors
Nanotechnology has been fostering excellent prospects in the development of enzymatic biosensors, since enzyme immobilization onto conductive nanostructures can improve characteristics that are crucial in biosensor transduction, such as surface-to-volume ratio, signal response, selectivity, sensitivity, conductivity, and biocatalytic activity, among others.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Protein Structure Prediction
The new advances in deep learning methods have influenced many aspects of scientific research, including the study of the protein system. The prediction of proteins’ 3D structural components is now heavily dependent on machine learning techniques that interpret how protein sequences and their homology govern the inter-residue contacts and structural organization. Especially, methods employing deep neural networks have had a significant impact on recent CASP13 and CASP14 competition. Here, we explore the recent applications of deep learning methods in the protein structure prediction area. We also look at the potential opportunities for deep learning methods to identify unknown protein structures and functions to be discovered and help guide drug–target interactions. Although significant problems still need to be addressed, we expect these techniques in the near future to play crucial roles in protein structural bioinformatics as well as in drug discovery.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Application of CMAQ during SOAS
Formation of aerosol from biogenic hydrocarbons relies heavily on anthropogenic emissions since they control the availability of species such as sulfate and nitrate, and through them, aerosol acidity (pH). To elucidate the role that acidity and emissions play in regulating Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), we utilize the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) dataset to enhance the extensive mechanism of isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-mediated SOA formation implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model (Pye et al., 2013), which was then used to investigate the impact of potential future emission controls on IEPOX OA.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology
At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Encapsulation of Dyes in Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks
White light emitting diodes (WLEDs), as solid-state lighting sources, have attracted increasing attention in the past decades owing to their potential applications in displays and lighting. WLEDs are energy saving and environmentally friendly, and have higher luminous efficiency than conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps. Moreover, WLEDs emit polychromatic light rather than monochromatic light that was emitted by traditional light emitting diodes (LEDs).
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Compression of Neural Networks
Researchers propose the value-locality-based compression (VELCRO) algorithm for neural networks. VELCRO is a method to compress general-purpose neural networks that are deployed for a small subset of focused specialized tasks.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SWCNTs in Nanoelectronics
The unique tailored electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) render them promising platforms for nanoelectronics applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment
Greenhouse agriculture typically generates large amounts of waste with plant residue (agricultural biomass) being the most abundant. This residue is generated on a seasonal basis, which complicates the external management of the material. Recently, the European Union (EU) has been implementing a policy based on sustainability through the circular economy that seeks to minimize waste generation. The effect of reusing 3.5 kg·m-2 tomato plants from the previous season as the only fertilizer versus no fertilization and inorganic fertilization in 215-day tomato cycles after transplanting was studied in this trial. The study was carried out during three seasons in greenhouse agriculture in Almeria (Spain) with the repeated use of the solarization technique. The plant debris had similar production results during two of the three seasons and fruit quality parameters were similar to inorganic fertilization. In addition, some physicochemical variables improved and the biological depressive effect of solarization was mitigated. The results suggest that the reuse of the tomato plant debris as the only fertilizer could be an alternative to conventional fertilization under the conditions tested. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Carcinogenesis
The exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
RNA Modifications and RNA Metabolism in Neurological Disease
The intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and molecular complexity of the mammalian nervous system relies substantially on the dynamic nature and spatiotemporal patterning of gene expression. These features of gene expression are achieved in part through mechanisms involving various epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNA activity, amongst others. In concert, another regulatory layer by which RNA bases and sugar residues are chemically modified enhances neuronal transcriptome complexity. Similar RNA modifications in other systems collectively constitute the cellular epitranscriptome that integrates and impacts various physiological processes. The epitranscriptome is dynamic and is reshaped constantly to regulate vital processes such as development, differentiation and stress responses. Perturbations of the epitranscriptome can lead to various pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological diseases. These RNA modifications modulate the stability, transport and, most importantly, translation of RNA.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Effective STEM Research Experience Programs for High Schools
High school research experience programs (HSREPs) provide opportunities for true science education and expose students to scientific investigations in laboratory settings. Various HSREPs models have been practiced to shape students’ research understandings; however, a systematic comparison of the success, challenges, and opportunities of these HSREPs has not been gauged. This entry compares the effectiveness of such science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) based HSREP models reported in the last two decades.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Starvation-Induced Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Metabolomics Perspectives
The application of metabolomics has extended the scope of autophagy and provided newer intervention targets against cancer as well as neurodegenerative diseases in which autophagy is implicated. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bulk and Single Crystal Growth Progress of FBS
The new iron-based superconductor (FBS) has generated enormous interest in this direction, and many research activities are currently going on with various kinds of FBS. FBS was discovered in 2008 through F doped LaFeAsO, which crystallizes with a tetragonal layered ZrCuSiAs structure, and after that, many compounds have been discovered, most of which display superconductivity through suitable doping. FBS became the second high-Tc-superconducting family after cuprate superconductors and has been the subject of extensive research into their physical nature and application potential.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metaverse, Experience, and Gameful Experience
The metaverse is expected to turn imagination into reality through the convergence of various technologies and should be considered as a medium for sustainable education, free from the constraints of time and space.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Metformin in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Metformin is a synthetic biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Aside being the first-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), many pleiotropic effects have been discovered in recent years, such as its capacity to reduce cancer risk and tumorigenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
SNARE Genes in Brassica napus
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are central components that drive membrane fusion events during exocytosis and endocytosis and play important roles in the different biological processes of plants.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Target Detection and Recognition in Turbid Waters
Turbid water can be divided into shallow turbid water and two kinds of deep turbid water. Shallow turbid water, such as turbid fish farms, has a significant impact on the transmission of light information due to the high density of aquatic organisms and suspended matters, such as fishes and sediments, in the water. This leads to significant image distortion, such as blurred target features, severe distortion, and color changes, which pose a significant challenge regarding visual technology and target recognition. Deep turbid water, such as some deep water areas, is challenged by the same problems as shallow turbid water and has low light conditions, resulting in the instrument receiving limited effective target light information. Due to these factors, traditional target detection and recognition methods cannot meet instruments’ technical requirements. Therefore, the investigation of object detection and recognition in turbid areas is necessary. Currently, research on underwater vision is mainly focusing on scenarios with good water conditions, such as experimental pools, lakes, inland rivers, etc. Due to the complexity of underwater environments, significant differences between various types of water exist. As large-scale engineering operations are often carried out at sea, most research methods do not contain adequate robustness to overcome the significant difficulties encountered in practical engineering applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Affect Eyes
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a worldwide threat resulting in a pandemic in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection manifests itself as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is evidenced in a vast number of either specific or nonspecific symptoms. Except for typical (but nonspecific) symptoms such as fever, dry cough, or muscle weakness, the infected patients might also present atypical symptoms including neurological, dermatological, or ophthalmic manifestations.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
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