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Marín-Guirao, J.I.; Castillo-Díaz, F.J. Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15845 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Marín-Guirao JI, Castillo-Díaz FJ. Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15845. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Marín-Guirao, Jose Ignacio, Francisco José Castillo-Díaz. "Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15845 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Marín-Guirao, J.I., & Castillo-Díaz, F.J. (2021, November 09). Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15845
Marín-Guirao, Jose Ignacio and Francisco José Castillo-Díaz. "Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 November, 2021.
Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment
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Greenhouse agriculture typically generates large amounts of waste with plant residue (agricultural biomass) being the most abundant. This residue is generated on a seasonal basis, which complicates the external management of the material. Recently, the European Union (EU) has been implementing a policy based on sustainability through the circular economy that seeks to minimize waste generation. The effect of reusing 3.5 kg·m-2 tomato plants from the previous season as the only fertilizer versus no fertilization and inorganic fertilization in 215-day tomato cycles after transplanting was studied in this trial. The study was carried out during three seasons in greenhouse agriculture in Almeria (Spain) with the repeated use of the solarization technique. The plant debris had similar production results during two of the three seasons and fruit quality parameters were similar to inorganic fertilization. In addition, some physicochemical variables improved and the biological depressive effect of solarization was mitigated. The results suggest that the reuse of the tomato plant debris as the only fertilizer could be an alternative to conventional fertilization under the conditions tested. 

circular economy bioeconomy waste management tomato crop agriculture organic fertilizer horticulture soil fertility

1. Introduction

The province of Almeria (Spain) is the part of the world with the highest concentration of greenhouse surface [1][2][3][4]. The implementation of this intensive agricultural production system has increased the productivity and profitability of its crops in just 60 years [5] while transforming Almeria into one of the major suppliers of fruit and vegetable products in the EU. The agricultural development of the area has enriched the socioeconomic structure of the province [5][6]. This is a production system that, due to the climatic conditions of the area and the characteristics of its greenhouses (e.g., Almeria or “Raspa y Amagado” type), does not require climatic correction [7][8]. This fact, along with various agroecological techniques and commonly used cultivation methods (e.g., biological control, grafting, integrated pest and disease management) makes this production system one that requires less energy consumption than other similar agricultural systems [9] and also improves the sustainability of the agrosystem under the production principles of different types of certifications [7]. However, there have also been impacts on area ecosystems (e.g., loss of biodiversity, erosion, overexploitation, and eutrophication of aquifers, etc.) that seriously threaten the environmental sustainability of the production model. This requires the formulation of various corrective measures to reverse the situation [4][10][11]. One of the main causes is inefficient management of agricultural waste. This is an endemic problem within this production system that caused a sanitary crisis at the end of the 20th century that ended up forcing public intervention [4].
European regulations enforce the management of agricultural waste through its transformation into by-products when possible (e.g., livestock feed, bioenergy, organic amendments, substrates, plastics, plastic pellets, etc.) [2][12]. The legal bases are founded on the principles of the circular economy and the bioeconomy, which favor the implementation of EU sustainability strategies applicable throughout its productive agriculture sector [13][14][15][16]. The implementation of these strategies is one of the collective changes to be made by the Almeria Model [10], which presents abundant opportunities to apply the principles of the circular economy in its production phases [4][17].
Plant debris (agricultural biomass) are considered a wasted by-product in some European agricultural systems [15]. The location and seasonality of their production, as well as a lack of space on some farms, inadequate transport logistics, the mixing of plant debris with plastic trellising inputs, and the poor phytosanitary condition of the material make its management difficult [18]. There is also a failure to maintain stable inputs for the transformation processes of the plant element [17], which does not justify the investment in building external treatment centers in certain locations while also transport costs increase [18]. In the Almeria model, 1.8 million tons of plant debris are generated annually, 80% of which is generated in only three months (February, May, and June) [18]. Some of the alternatives evaluated to mitigate this problem (transformation into bioenergy or animal feed) do not offer a viable option compared to the predominant management of the by-product [4][19], which currently consists of its delivery to an agent authorized by the administration to transform the plant material into compost [18]. However, several studies have posited self-management of plant debris by farmers as a suitable reuse process [4][7][17][20][21][22]. This is a great opportunity for the Almeria Model to apply the principles of the circular economy and the bioeconomy, which so far have not been extensively implemented in Almeria greenhouse agriculture [7][17][18]. Through this management methodology, it is possible to generate economic [4] and productive [20][21][22] benefits since its use as an organic amendment makes it possible to reduce and even eliminate external inputs of fertilizing materials during the crop cycle [20][21] thanks to the mineral elements associated with these plant by-products [23].
This material can also be used to improve soil fertility [24][25][26], which is defined by its physical, chemical, and biological components [27]. Specifically, the addition of organic amendments has a positive influence on these components even when their introduction is carried out through the solarization technique [20][28][29][30][31][32]. This soil biodisinfection protocol combines the effects of solarization [33] and biofumigation [34] and is traditionally used as an alternative to chemical control of soil pathogens [35][36][37][38]. Thus, the biological component is considered essential for maintaining and improving the health and fertility of agricultural soil [39]. It is, therefore, essential to support actions to protect soil biodiversity and promote its sustainable use and management through the application of sustainable practices [40][41].

2. Current Insights

This research, which was carried out over three years, aimed to evaluate the effects of the repeated supply of tomato plant debris from the previous season versus the use of inorganic cover fertilization and no fertilization on tomato production and crop quality; physical, chemical, and biological soil variables that determine soil fertility, and on the vigor of tomato and cucumber seedlings grown under controlled conditions. In all cases, the solarization technique was applied during the summer months before the start of cultivation, and production cycles were of 215 DAT. Previous research concluded that the addition of tomato plant debris was sufficient for the correct development of a greenhouse tomato crop when production cycles were lower than 170 DAT. This achieved the same yield as when applying a conventional inorganic fertilizer while also maintaining the main organoleptic properties of the fruit [20][21]. However, the aforementioned study included two crop cycles and it did not report information on the effects on soil parameters or the evaluations in a controlled environment chamber using bioassays that help to better interpret the effects on these soil parameters which determine its fertility. In addition, greater precision has been achieved concerning the analytical findings. The results of the three years of testing in the present study suggest that exclusive fertilization with tomato plant debris produces a yield and crop quality similar to that obtained with traditional inorganic manure in production cycles of 215 DAT (Figure 1). Several authors have reported a similar result when they analyzed the production of tomato crops with only organic fertilizer (compost, bone meal, blood or hoof meal, chicken, sheep or turkey manure, and plant debris) versus conventional fertilization, both with or without using pre-transplant solarization and conventional fertilization [42][43][44][45][46][47] to obtain a tomato fruit of similar quality [43][44][45]. Some investigations have also reported decreases in the production of a bell pepper crop nourished with tomato plant debris and compost compared to the conventional crop. It should be noted that a small amount of inorganic fertilizer was added to the organic fertilization and that the solarization technique was not used [22]. Thus, the technique of soil solarization combined with organic amendments, also known as biosolarization, has resulted in increases in the production of different crops. Nonetheless, the effects reported in these studies have been mostly the result of the control of pathogens that limit the correct development of the plants and in crops that have incorporated inorganic nutrition [35][36][37][38][48]. It should also be noted that the soil biosolarization technique can have an influence on soil fertility [28][29][30][31][32][49] in conjunction with the control of soil pathogens. The use of the biodisinfection technique seems to favor the decomposition of organic amendments, in our case of plant debris from the previous crop. The application of this technique could help to decrease the time necessary for the decomposition of the material. This would provide the plants with a higher content of nutrients needed for growth in a shorter time [29][32]. In addition, the use of the solarization technique helps to limit pests and diseases that may be associated with plant debris incorporated into the soil [20][50]. The presence of these organisms in combination with plant material is normal after long-term production cycles, and it is essential to avoid their expression during the following production cycle in order not to limit crop production. The repetition of non-fertilization resulted in a continuous decrease in final yield similar to what occurred in other investigations [42]. However, some authors did not obtain differentiated production between their treatments fertilized only with organic amendments and the absence of fertilization [50].

Figure 1. Cumulative tomato production in the three years of study (September–April cycles) as a function of crop nutrition: (a) Crop 1; (b): Crop 2; (c): Crop 3. Inorganic fertilization (IF); tomato plant debris (PD); no fertilization (test). Values (mean ± standard deviation). Different letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, Tukey’s HDS test). DAT: days after transplanting.

In our trial, the study of the bacterial, fungal, and culturable fusarium microbiota showed a depressive effect after applying solarization. At the end of each campaign this microbial fraction was able to reestablish itself while becoming more evident in the experimental plots where tomato plant debris were added, which showed higher values than in the other treatments (Figure 2). Other investigations that have evaluated the depressive effect of greenhouse solarization on the microbiota of the arable soil have reported this capacity of the microbial population to recover at the end of the production cycle [51][52][53], although in some, there was no repetition of the solarization technique over time [51]. On the other hand, the classical biodiversity parameters of the fungal community were similar among the fertilization plans applied. However, repeated solarization caused a decrease in the values obtained, which has also been observed in the research conducted by Marín-Guirao et al. [51]. Our research suggests that the addition of tomato plant debris may have modified the composition of the filamentous fungi fraction during the first two years of the trial. Accordingly, other investigations have observed a change in the fungal community composition of a maize crop by incorporating straw versus the conventional crop [54]. The total number of fungal genera isolated from the greenhouse soil, considering all treatments and samplings, was 19, those being Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp. the most frequently isolated. This is similar to the findings of other studies that have used the technique of successive dilutions to study the fungal microbiota associated with horticultural greenhouses [24][51][52] and rainfed almond soil [41]. In the analyses for the genus Fusarium there were four different species isolated, the most abundant being F. oxysporum. Some experiments carried out in greenhouse cultivation report this species as the most abundant in the analyses performed after the end of cultivation, with F. solani being the most dominant after applying soil disinfection [53]. Likewise, a dominance of F. oxysporum has also been observed in soils where asparagus is grown outdoors, although the expression of these species is not homogeneous in all asparagus fields where the dominance of F. equiseti also stands out [55]. Thus, various functionalities are attributed to the isolated fungal microbiota, although in this research an independent study was not carried out to verify them. Different studies have observed the ability of fungal organisms to solubilize phosphorus (Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Rhizopus spp.) [56][57][58], participate in nitrification processes (Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.) [59], promote plant growth (Trichoderma spp.) [60] or practice saprophytism (Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp.) [61][62]. However, these effects are usually not fully clarified when considering the soil environment as a whole where multiple factors can condition the behavior of these microorganisms so that the simple modification of one of these conditions can determine the microoganisms present in the soil [60].
Figure 2. Soil microbiota in the three years of study (September–April cycles) as a function of crop nutrition. Inorganic fertilization (IF; n = 4); tomato plant debris (PD; n = 4); no fertilization (Test; n = 4). N.d: non detected. Values (average). Different letters above the bars and in the evolution lines indicate significant differences. (p ≤ 0.05, Tukey’s HDS test; K-W: Kruskal–Wallis test).
In turn, the results of this research suggest that the addition of tomato plant debris with solarization increased the total nitrogen and assimilable potassium content. Mauromicale et al. [30][31] and Nuñez-Zofio et al. [29] observed an increase in these soil variables after applying their solarization protocols with organic amendments, while Seo et al. [49] only reported an increase in nitrate content. These authors observed an increase in assimilable phosphorus and soil electrical conductivity, something that did not occur in our trial possibly due to the difference in origin and nutrient composition of the organic amendments used. Likewise, the results suggest that the organic matter content of the soil did not increase significantly with the addition of tomato plant debris for three consecutive years. Other authors who have used solarization with different organic amendments did observe a significant increase in this soil variable throughout their experiments [24][29][63]. Thus, the higher content of some nutrients could have helped to maintain the final production of the plots that received tomato plant debris at levels similar to those obtained in the plots with inorganic mulch fertigation. The results suggest an improvement in soil hydraulic conductivity in the plots where solarization with tomato plant debris was applied. Biosolarization is a technique capable of modifying the soil infiltration rate as a consequence of the incorporation of organic amendments and their impact on soil structure [28]. This modification of soil hydraulic conductivity could have direct implications on the dynamics of irrigation applied to tomato crops (frequency and allocation), thus improving the water footprint of this production system compared to conventional fertilization.
The addition of tomato plant debris through solarization improved the vigor variables of the seedlings grown in a controlled environment chamber, mainly their leaf area and the dry weight of the aerial part, which are the parameters that best determine the vigor of the seedlings. The results obtained in this model support the findings obtained under greenhouse conditions. Thus, the leaf area of the different treatments increased after the application of solarization indistinct of the addition of tomato plant debris. Marín-Guirao et al. [24] obtained an increase in the vigor of their seedlings after applying a solarization protocol with organic amendments in a greenhouse where a commercial cucumber crop was grown. Similarly, the addition of organic amendments in a rainfed almond crop increased the vigor variables of cucumber seedlings compared to the conventional crop [41][64]. Our experimentation illustrates a low correlation obtained between the physicochemical variables of the soil and the vigor of cucumber seedlings, especially in the case of C/N ratio being the soil variable with the highest interdependence. Other studies have obtained a high correlation between soil productivity and physical, chemical, and microbiological variables, even postulating SOM as the most relevant variable in soil fertility, which in turn had a high correlation with fungal density and diversity. All of this is applicable when considering greenhouse soil with cucumber or tomato monocultures that showed a great disparity in their SOM content [25]. Although no relationships were found, the soil microbiota could have influenced these results. In our trial, a decreasing evolution of leaf area was observed in the treatment that only received inorganic fertilizers. Usero et al. [65] observed a negative influence on root dry weight, aerial dry weight and leaf area of tomato seedlings grown in pots under greenhouse that had been treated with an inoculum prepared from the microbiota present in the soil of a commercial greenhouse fertilized only with synthetic inorganic fertilizers versus others fertilized with organic amendments and a treatment without inoculation. This model with seedlings grown in a controlled conditions chamber allowed us to explain the possible influence of tomato plant debris on soil fertility, expressed by its vigor. This relationship could not be established with the physicochemical analyses performed on the soils studied (test, IF and PD). Their analytical performance remained constant in several of the parameters measured or did not show a clear difference, a behavior similar to that observed in other studies [24][25][41]. The suggested improvement in soil fertility observed through the leaf area of the seedlings could have influenced in keeping the yield of the tomato crop fertilized with only tomato plant remains from the previous crop similar to that offered by the conventional crop with inorganic fertilization.

3. Conclusions

The repeated reuse of tomato plant debris obtained at the end of the crop cycle as an organic amendment has a positive effect on the physical, chemical, and biological parameters that determine the fertility of greenhouse soil. Thus, by incorporating this material into the soil, the needs of the tomato crop are satisfied in cycles with a duration of approximately 215 DDT in reaching yields equal to those obtained by means of exclusive fertilization with conventional inorganic synthesis fertilizers while also maintaining the organoleptic quality of the fruit. The reuse by the producer of this vegetable by-product solves the problems linked to the external management of the material and contributes to a reduction in production costs in intensive horticultural farms through a more sustainable agricultural practice in accordance with the principles of the circular economy. Future studies should focus on the reuse of plant material from other horticultural species to determine its suitability for reuse as an organic amendment with benefits for crops and the sustainability of the greenhouse horticultural production process.

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