Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Topic Review
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transitioned from a speculative concept to an integral part of modern life, influencing various sectors and redefining human interaction with technology. This article explores the historical development of AI, its current applications, and the ethical considerations accompanying its rapid advancement.
  • 108
  • 08 Apr 2025
Topic Review
A Mysterious Health Crisis in Aswan Governorate, Southern Egypt, September 2024
In September 2024, the Egyptian Health Ministry declared an Escherichia coli (E. coli) outbreak in the southern province of Aswan. The spread of an ambiguous illness erupted in the village of Abu Al-Rish Bahri, 20 kilometers north of Aswan, with hundreds of citizens arriving at the governorate’s local hospitals suffering from severe gastrointestinal infections. The authorities, however, did not trace the outbreak’s most common source nor determine whether it was food- or water-borne. The official explanations for the frequent cases and the reported fatalities were inconclusive. There was an evident lack of comprehensive documentation on the extent of the infection, the exposed population, the prevalence pattern of the pathogen, or the retrieved E. coli isolates. In addition, the Egyptian government denied any possible association between the contamination of drinking water and the recent Aswan crisis. Challenging the official narrative, this article proposes a scientific report based on featuring the status of E. coli infection in Egypt, highlighting the gaps in the announced outbreak claims and adapting water pollution as an alarming hypothesis for the peculiar Aswan disease.
  • 625
  • 31 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Structural Design and Analysis of Wind Turbine
This thesis presents a comprehensive exploration into the design, modeling, and analysis of a wind turbine, employing a multidisciplinary approach to optimize its performance. The blade geometry was generated using QBlade software, a robust tool for blade design in wind turbine applications. The 3D model was then meticulously crafted using SolidWorks, integrating aerodynamic principles and structural considerations. The heart of this project lies in the utilization of SolidWorks Flow Simulation for a detailed analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of the designed wind turbine. The simulation facilitated a thorough examination of airflow patterns, turbulence effects, and pressure distributions around the blades, offering valuable insights into the efficiency and energy-capturing potential of the turbine under various wind conditions.
  • 273
  • 02 Dec 2024
Topic Review
"Best Time to Use Custom Tuck Boxes Explained"
Some of the reasons which may make people go for Diamond rings are; It is really impossible to look beyond this attractive 3 Carat Engagement Ring.
  • 243
  • 19 Dec 2024
Topic Review
What to Know Before Committing to Roof Repairs
Roof repair costs can vary widely depending on several factors. Understanding these factors can help you estimate the potential costs and budget accordingly. Here are the key elements that influence Costs repairs:
  • 449
  • 31 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Best Roofing Materials for Denver Homes
Discover the best roofing materials for Denver homes, including asphalt shingles, metal roofing, and more. Learn about top-rated roofing companies in Denver for expert installation and maintenance.
  • 377
  • 31 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Surimi: Demersal Fish Stock Assessment Insights
Demersal fish stock assessment is crucial for the surimi industry's sustainability, offering insights into population dynamics and preventing overexploitation. Methods like the Length-based Spawning Potential Ratio (LBSPR) provide valuable data on fish reproductive potential, aiding sustainable fisheries management. Overcoming challenges in data collection and promoting interdisciplinary research are key to effective conservation strategies, ensuring long-term viability for both the environment and the economy.
  • 557
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Recent Advances in Dielectric Properties-Based Soil Water Content Measurements
Dielectric properties are crucial in understanding the behavior of water within soil, particularly the soil water content (SWC), as they measure a material’s ability to store an electric charge and are influenced by water and other minerals in the soil. However, a comprehensive review paper is needed that synthesizes the latest developments in this field, identifies the key challenges and limitations, and outlines future research directions. In addition, various factors, such as soil salinity, temperature, texture, probing space, installation gap, density, clay content, sampling volume, and environmental factors, influence the measurement of the dielectric permittivity of the soil. Therefore, this review aims to address the research gap by critically analyzing the current state-of-the-art dielectric properties-based methods for SWC measurements. The motivation for this review is the increasing importance of precise SWC data for various applications such as agriculture, environmental monitoring, and hydrological studies. We examine time domain reflectometry (TDR), frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), remote sensing (RS), and capacitance, which are accurate and cost-effective, enabling real-time water resource management and soil health understanding through measuring the travel time of electromagnetic waves in soil and the reflection coefficient of these waves. SWC can be estimated using various approaches, such as TDR, FDR, GPR, and microwave-based techniques. These methods are made possible by increasing the dielectric permittivity and loss factor with SWC. The available dielectric properties are further synthesized based on mathematical models relating apparent permittivity to water content, providing an updated understanding of their development, applications, and monitoring. It also analyzes recent mathematical calibration models, applications, algorithms, challenges, and trends in dielectric permittivity methods for estimating SWC.
  • 552
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Landolt Indicator Values in Modern Research
The conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability is essential for human well-being. An important tool for addressing this issue is ecological indicators. 
  • 896
  • 02 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Phytopathology
Plant diseases annually cause 10–16% yield losses in major crops, prompting urgent innovations. Artificial intelligence (AI) shows an aptitude for automated disease detection and diagnosis utilizing image recognition techniques, with reported accuracies exceeding 95% and surpassing human visual assessment. Forecasting models integrating weather, soil, and crop data enable preemptive interventions by predicting spatial-temporal outbreak risks weeks in advance at 81–95% precision, minimizing pesticide usage. Precision agriculture powered by AI optimizes data-driven, tailored crop protection strategies boosting resilience. Real-time monitoring leveraging AI discerns pre-symptomatic anomalies from plant and environmental data for early alerts. These applications highlight AI’s proficiency in illuminating opaque disease patterns within increasingly complex agricultural data. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Feb 2024
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