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Topic Review
Dendritic Cells -Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells in humans and animals that provide antigen-specific T-cell immunity in the body. It also establishes a linkage between innate and adaptive immune responses. Various studies have shown that malignancies or cancer may impair DCs and effector T-cell functions. DCs have now become a new molecular target for the treatment of cancer. Modified matured DCs could be novel biological modifiers to treat various diseases, including cancer. Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical findings suggests that various plants and their bioactive phytochemicals are effective in modulating the immune system and signaling pathways involved in anti-tumor immunity.
  • 591
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Piezo1 in Digestive System Function and Dysfunction
Piezo1, a non-selective cation channel directly activated by mechanical forces, is widely expressed in the digestive system and participates in biological functions physiologically and pathologically.
  • 589
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome and Gene Mutation in NOTCH2
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare autosomal dominant manifestation of a congenital genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the NOTCH2 gene. NOTCH signaling has variations from NOTCH 1 to 4 and maintains homeostasis by determining and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of various cells. In HCS, the over-accumulated NOTCH2 causes abnormal bone resorption due to its continuous excessive signaling. HCS is characterized by progressive bone destruction, has complex wide-range clinical manifestations, and significantly impacts the patient’s quality of life.
  • 588
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of PPARα in NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing epidemic and the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It consists of a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to NASH which predisposes patients to further fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocarcinoma. Known as a main regulator of the lipid metabolism and highly expressed in the liver, the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) has been identified as an attractive therapeutic target. 
  • 588
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Monooxygenases and Antibiotic Resistance
Carbapenems are a group of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics that in many cases are the last effective defense against infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as some strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Resistance to carbapenems has emerged and is beginning to spread, becoming an ongoing public-health problem of global dimensions, causing serious outbreaks, and dramatically limiting treatment options. 
  • 588
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MiR-223 as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in Cancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that function in the regulation of gene expression and regulate a wide array of biological processes, including carcinogenesis. Several mechanisms are involved in miRNA-associated cancer development, such as amplification or deletion of miRNA genes, abnormal transcriptional control of miRNAs, dysregulated epigenetic changes, and defects in miRNA biogenesis machinery. MiRNA-223 has been found to be a critical miRNA that is involved in a wide range of molecular processes. It is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, epithelial homeostasis, immune checkpoint signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, invasion, and chemosensitivity. Published literature has demonstrated that miRNA-223 expression is associated with cancer development and prevention. Mir-223 functions as either a tumor suppressor or oncogene under certain circumstances, containing multiple targets or specific targets. Hence, miR-223 could be a potential candidate diagnostic biomarker, prognostic biomarker, or therapeutic target of cancer. 
  • 587
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Effector Protein Functions
Plants are colonized by various fungi with both pathogenic and beneficial lifestyles. One type of colonization strategy is through the secretion of effector proteins that alter the plant’s physiology to accommodate the fungus. The oldest plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may exploit effectors to their benefit. Genome analysis coupled with transcriptomic studies in different AMFs has intensified research on the effector function, evolution, and diversification of AMF. However, of the 338 predicted effector proteins from the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, only five have been characterized, of which merely two have been studied in detail to understand which plant proteins they associate with to affect the host physiology. 
  • 587
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents.
  • 585
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxylamine Analogue of Agmatine for Arginine Decarboxylase Inhibition
The biogenic polyamines, spermine, spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) are present at micro-millimolar concentrations in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (many prokaryotes have no spermine), participating in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. In mammalian cells Put is formed exclusively from L-ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and many potent ODC inhibitors are known. In bacteria, plants, and fungi Put is synthesized also from agmatine, which is formed from L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC). 
  • 584
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Suppressing Ribosome Biogenesis to Combat Tamoxifen Resistance
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Around 70% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+ve), with tamoxifen being most commonly used as an adjuvant treatment to prevent recurrence and metastasis. However, half of the patients will eventually develop tamoxifen resistance. The overexpression of c-MYC can drive the development of ER+ve breast cancer and confer tamoxifen resistance through multiple pathways. One key mechanism is to enhance ribosome biogenesis, synthesising mature ribosomes. The over-production of ribosomes sustains the demand for proteins necessary to maintain a high cell proliferation rate and combat apoptosis induced by therapeutic agents. c-MYC overexpression can induce the expression of eIF4E that favours the translation of structured mRNA to produce oncogenic factors that promote cell proliferation and confer tamoxifen resistance. Either non-phosphorylated or phosphorylated eIF4E can mediate such an effect. Since ribosomes play an essential role in c-MYC-mediated cancer development, suppressing ribosome biogenesis may help reduce aggressiveness and reverse tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. CX-5461, CX-3543 and haemanthamine have been shown to repress ribosome biogenesis. Using these chemicals might help reverse tamoxifen resistance in ER+ve breast cancer, provided that c-MYC-mediated ribosome biogenesis is the crucial factor for tamoxifen resistance. 
  • 583
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Expanding Riboverse
Mammalian ribosomes are 80S particles consisting of 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs) and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules in an approximately 1:1 mass ratio. 
  • 582
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clustering Solid Tumors Based on Autophagy-Related Genes
There has been a boost in autophagy reports due to its role in cancer progression and its association with tumor resistance to treatment. The availability of large cancer datasets has provided an extensive evidence-based approach to understanding the role of autophagy-related genes in various human cancers and their clinical implications, including cancer progression, development, and treatment response.
  • 582
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Immunotherapies in Breast Cancer
Immunotherapy is a highly emerging form of breast cancer therapy that enables clinicians to target cancers with specific receptor expression profiles. Two popular immunotherapeutic approaches involve chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Briefly mentioned in this review as well is the mRNA vaccine technology recently popularized by the COVID-19 vaccine. These forms of immunotherapy can highly select for the tumor target of interest to generate specific tumor lysis. Combining emerging immunotherapeutics with tumor marker discovery sets the stage for highly targeted immunotherapy to be the future of cancer treatments. This review highlights the principles of CAR-T and BsAb therapy, improvements in CAR and BsAb engineering, and recently identified human breast cancer markers in the context of in vitro or in vivo CAR-T or BsAb treatment. 
  • 581
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biochemical Dysfunctions Related to MT-ATP6/MT-ATP8 Pathogenic Variants
Mitochondrial ATP synthase (Complex V) catalyzes the last step of oxidative phosphorylation and provides most of the energy (ATP) required by human cells. The mitochondrial genes MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 encode two subunits of the multi-subunit Complex V. Since the discovery of the first MT-ATP6 variant in the year 1990 as the cause of Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome, a large and continuously increasing number of inborn variants in the MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 genes have been identified as pathogenic. Variants in these genes correlate with various clinical phenotypes, which include several neurodegenerative and multisystemic disorders.
  • 581
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Allosterism in the PDZ Family
Allosterism is a phenomenon where communication exists within a biological macromolecule between the ligand-binding site and a distal region. Dynamic allosterism allows the propagation of signal throughout a protein. The PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg1/ZO-1) family has been named as a classic example of dynamic allostery in small modular domains. While the PDZ family consists of more than 200 domains, previous efforts have primarily focused on a few well-studied PDZ domains, including PTP-BL PDZ2, PSD-95 PDZ3, and Par6 PDZ. Taken together, experimental and computational studies have identified regions of these domains that are dynamically coupled to ligand binding. These regions include the αA helix, the αB lower-loop, and the αC helix. In this review, we summarize the specific residues on the αA helix, the αB lower-loop, and the αC helix of PTP-BL PDZ2, PSD-95 PDZ3, and Par6 PDZ that have been identified as participants in dynamic allostery by either experimental or computational approaches. 
  • 580
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs and Preeclampsia
miRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs, 20–24 nt long, which control mRNA expression. Changes in miRNA expression can induce a variation in the relative mRNA level and influence cellular homeostasis, and the strong presence of miRNAs in all body fluids has made them useful biomarkers of several diseases. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease, but the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The functions of trophoblasts, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, are essential for a successful pregnancy.
  • 580
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pyridone-Based Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonists
The activation of the human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) is known to mediate analgesic and anti-inflammatory processes without the central adverse effects related to cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R). In this work we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of N-aryl-2-pyridone-3-carboxamide derivatives tested as human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) agonists.
  • 579
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
New Opportunities for miRNAs in Translational Medicine
miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. It has been recognised that miRNA dysregulation reflects the state and function of cells and tissues, contributing to their dysfunction. The identification of hundreds of extracellular miRNAs in biological fluids has underscored their potential in the field of biomarker research. In addition, the therapeutic potential of miRNAs is receiving increasing attention in numerous conditions. On the other hand, many operative problems including stability, delivery systems, and bioavailability, still need to be solved. In this dynamic field, biopharmaceutical companies are increasingly engaged, and ongoing clinical trials point to anti-miR and miR-mimic molecules as an innovative class of molecules for upcoming therapeutic applications. 
  • 579
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Human Brain with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are crucial for disease modeling and cell-based therapy because they serve as an infinite source of specific human cell types. Brain cancer is a group of diverse and rapidly growing malignancies that originate in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a poor prognosis. The complexity of brain structure and function makes brain cancer modeling extremely difficult, limiting pathological studies and therapeutic developments. Advancements in human pluripotent stem cell technology have opened a window of opportunity for brain cancer modeling, providing a wealth of customizable methods to simulate the disease in vitro.
  • 578
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
mTOR and Gut Microbiota in Various Diseases
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates multiple intracellular and extracellular upstream signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in cells and plays a key regulatory role in cell growth and metabolism. The activation of the mTOR signaling pathway has been reported to be associated with a wide range of human diseases. A growing number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that gut microbes and their complex metabolites can regulate host metabolic and immune responses through the mTOR pathway and result in disorders of host physiological functions.
  • 578
  • 08 Aug 2023
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