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Topic Review
Epitranscriptomic Marks Affect RNA Structures
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to a class of non-protein-coding RNAs with their lengths longer than 200 nucleotides. Most of the mammalian genome is transcribed as RNA, yet only a small percent of the transcribed RNA corresponds to exons of protein-coding genes. Thus, the number of lncRNAs is predicted to be several times higher than that of protein-coding genes. Because of sheer number of lncRNAs, it is often difficult to elucidate the functions of all lncRNAs, especially those arising from their relationship to their binding partners, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Due to their binding to other macromolecules, it has become evident that the structures of lncRNAs influence their functions.
  • 569
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Trypanosomiases
Trypanosomiases are a group of tropical diseases that have devastating health and socio-economic effects worldwide. In humans, these diseases are caused by the pathogenic kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides synthesized by both prokaryotes and (unicellular and multicellular) eukaryotes, where they fulfill functions related to competition strategy with other organisms and immune defense. These AMPs can bind and induce perturbation in cell membranes, leading to permeation of molecules, alteration of morphology, disruption of cellular homeostasis, and activation of cell death. These peptides have activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasitic protists. 
  • 569
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Sensor Based on Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators (P-TENGs) have emerged as promising technologies for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, with potential applications in self-powered wearable and environmental monitoring devices. Modular design in P-TENGs, characterized by the flexible assembly and customization of device components, enables the development of sustainable and versatile chemical sensors.
  • 568
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA-34 Family in Cancers
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that play vital roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation. The dysregulation of miRNA has been implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancers. miR-34 family members (miR-34s), including miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c, have emerged as the most extensively studied tumor-suppressive miRNAs.
  • 568
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plasminogen Receptor Annexin A2/S100A10 Heterotetramer
The plasminogen activator/plasmin system is an enzymatic cascade involved in the control of multiple physiological processes, including fibrin degradation, matrix turnover, phagocytosis, inflammation, and wound healing. Plasmin also plays a critical role during the multiple steps of cancer invasion and metastasis by participating in the degradation of several extracellular matrix proteins and activating certain growth factors, resulting in aggressive cancers. Many tumors show robust fibrinolytic activity due to the enhanced release of plasminogen activators and the stimulated expression of plasminogen receptors such as the annexin A2/S100A10 hetotetramer (AIIt). It is now apparent that within the heterotetramer, annexin A2 functions as a tethering protein while S100A10 binds and activates plasminogen. The key event in the activation of plasminogen by plasminogen receptors involves the interaction of internal lysine and/or carboxyl-terminal lysine residues with the lysine binding domains (kringles) of plasminogen.
  • 567
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for about 10% of hematological malignancies. It is a plasma cell malignancy that originates from the post-germinal lymphoid B-cell lineage, and is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal growth of plasma cells. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. 
  • 564
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Pyridone-Based Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonists
The activation of the human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) is known to mediate analgesic and anti-inflammatory processes without the central adverse effects related to cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R). In this work we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of N-aryl-2-pyridone-3-carboxamide derivatives tested as human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) agonists.
  • 562
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Glycosphingolipids Abundance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer. Low numbers of HCC patients being suitable for liver resection or transplantation and multidrug resistance development during pharmacotherapy leads to high death rates for HCC patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC etiology may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of HCC. UDP-glucose ceramide glycosyltransferase (UGCG), a key enzyme in glycosphingolipid metabolism, generates glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which is the precursor for all glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Since UGCG gene expression is altered in 0.8% of HCC tumors, GSLs may play a role in cellular processes in liver cancer cells.
  • 562
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Perspectives in Cardiovascular Diseases
High mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have attracted worldwide attention. It has been reported that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms affecting the pathogenesis of CVDs. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations may result in impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), abnormal respiratory chains, and ATP production. In dysfunctional mitochondria, the electron transport chain (ETC) is uncoupled and the energy supply is reduced, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is increased.
  • 561
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MiR-345 and Pancreatic Cancer
miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been recently identified as key players regulating cancer pathogenesis. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with molecular pathways involved in tumor development, metastasis, and chemoresistance in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as other cancers. 
  • 560
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genome–Environment Interactions and Psychiatric Disorders
Environmental factors are known to interact with the genome by altering epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression and contributing to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. 
  • 560
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Vesicles and Media Vesicles
Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. 
  • 560
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and the Regulation of Bone Diseases
Stem cells’ self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation are regulated by a complex network consisting of signaling factors, chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Diverse role of ncRNAs in stem cell development and maintenance of bone homeostasis have been discovered recently. The ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, micro RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNAs, etc., are not translated into proteins but act as essential epigenetic regulators in stem cells’ self-renewal and differentiation. Different signaling pathways are monitored efficiently by the differential expression of ncRNAs, which function as regulatory elements in determining the fate of stem cells. In addition, several species of ncRNAs could serve as potential molecular biomarkers in early diagnosis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers, ultimately leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies. 
  • 559
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment Features and in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a prominent desmoplastic stromal microenvironment that includes a dense extracellular matrix together with a series of activated cell types, hypoxia, and an acidic extracellular pH. 
  • 555
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
S-15176 Difumarate Salt
S-15176 difumarate salt, a derivative of the anti-ischemic metabolic drug trimetazidine, has been intensively studied for its impact on cellular metabolism in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver, heart, spinal cord, and other organs. Despite evidence of some reduction in oxidative damage to cells, the results of therapy with S-15176 have been mostly disappointing, possibly because of the lack of data on its underlying mechanisms. The role of complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain and membrane permeability transition in mitochondrial toxicity associated with S-15176 is  investigated.
  • 555
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cell Biological Mechanism in Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides
Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer. Ginsenosides, a triterpenoid glycoside, are major constituents extracted from Panax ginseng (Pg), P. notoginseng, P. quinquifolium, and another species belonging to the Panax genus, P. vietnamensis.
  • 555
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of miR-124 in Cancer
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression and is abundantly expressed in the brain and immune system. Dysregulated expression of miR-124 is associated with several cancer types, making it a potential therapeutic target in oncology.
  • 553
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNAs in Breast Cancer
MiRNAs are a group of noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) with 20–25 nucleotides which always regulate the post-transcriptional level of gene expression negatively. It has been well recognized that miRNAs are involved in the diagnosis, initiation, progression, prognosis, and response to treatment of breast cancer. Compared with free ones, the exosomal miRNAs are more stable since the phospholipid bilayer surrounding exosomes can protect them from being degraded by nuclease in the body fluids.
  • 550
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Leukocytes in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant global health concern, being a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, profound understanding of the disease is needed. Prostate inflammation caused by external or genetic factors is a central player in prostate carcinogenesis.
  • 549
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
E2F-RB-p53 Pathway in Tumor Suppression
The transcription factor E2F links the RB pathway to the p53 pathway upon loss of function of pRB, thereby playing a pivotal role in the suppression of tumorigenesis. E2F fulfills a major role in cell proliferation by controlling a variety of growth-associated genes. The activity of E2F is controlled by the tumor suppressor pRB, which binds to E2F and actively suppresses target gene expression, thereby restraining cell proliferation. Signaling pathways originating from growth stimulative and growth suppressive signals converge on pRB (the RB pathway) to regulate E2F activity. In most cancers, the function of pRB is compromised by oncogenic mutations, and E2F activity is enhanced, thereby facilitating cell proliferation to promote tumorigenesis. Upon such events, E2F activates the Arf tumor suppressor gene, leading to activation of the tumor suppressor p53 to protect cells from tumorigenesis. ARF inactivates MDM2, which facilitates degradation of p53 through proteasome by ubiquitination (the p53 pathway). P53 suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis. Hence, in almost all cancers, the p53 pathway is also disabled. 
  • 549
  • 03 Jan 2024
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