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Topic Review
Proton Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Proton radiation therapy plays a central role in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of the near-zero exit dose and improved sparing of normal liver parenchyma, protons are being used even in challenging scenarios, including larger or multifocal liver tumors, and those associated with vascular tumor thrombus.
  • 495
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Predictive Markers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically improved the outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer patients and have increased the possibility of long-term survival. However, few patients benefit from ICIs, and no predictive biomarkers other than tumor programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression have been established. Hence, the identification of biomarkers is an urgent issue.
  • 492
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Goals in Low-Grade Gliomas Clinical Management
The ability of neural circuits to compensate for damage to the central nervous system is called postlesional plasticity. In diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGGs), a crosstalk between the brain and the tumor activates modulations of plasticity, as well as tumor proliferation and migration, by means of paracrine and electrical intercommunications.
  • 492
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is one of most common types of gynaecological tumours in developing countries. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells play an important role in the development of endometrial cancer. These are a subset of highly tumorigenic cells with similar features to normal stem cells (unlimited proliferation, multi-potential differentiation, self-renewal, aggressiveness, invasion, recurrence, and chemo- and endocrine therapy resistance). Wnt/β-catenin, Hedghog, and Notch1 are the most frequently activated pathways in endometrial cancer stem cells. The presence of cancer stem cells is associated with the resistance to chemotherapy caused by different mechanisms. 
  • 492
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cancer Vaccine Therapeutics
There has been a surge of interest in tumor microenvironment-associated cancer vaccine therapies. These innovative treatments aim to activate and enhance the body’s natural immune response against cancer cells by utilizing specific antigens present in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 491
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Patients with Hematologic Malignancies
Patients with hematological malignancies have an increased risk of serious outcomes following COVID-19 infection, suggesting broader protection is needed beyond vaccination. Monoclonal antibodies such as sotrovimab, casirivimab–imdevimab, and bamlanivimab have provided valuable options for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. More recently, monoclonal antibodies have been examined for the prevention of COVID-19 infection.
  • 489
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Interaction between Melanoma Cells and Tumor Microenvironment
Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer, characterized by a heterogeneous nature and high metastatic potential. The incidence of melanoma is continuously increasing worldwide, and it is one of the most common cancers in young adults. The understanding of melanoma biology has increased profoundly, and disease management for patients with disseminated disease has improved due to the emergence of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, a significant fraction of patients relapse or do not respond adequately to treatment. This can partly be explained by the complex signaling between the tumor and its microenvironment, giving rise to melanoma phenotypes with different patterns of disease progression.
  • 486
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Histopathological Parameters for Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that accounts for approximately 1% of all head and neck cancers. Despite its initial indolent behavior, long-term survival is poor due to locoregional recurrence in approximately 40% and distant metastasis in up to 60% of patients who undergo radical treatment. The histological parameters of ACC and the combination of these parameters in histopathological grading systems provide valuable prognostic information about the clinical course of the disease. 
  • 486
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Thymoquinone in Colorectal Cancer
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a member of the monoterpene class of compounds, which are formally derived from the condensation of two isoprene units. Thymoquinone has shown the ability to inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, demonstrating that it can be tentatively considered as a candidate for therapy or adjunctive treatment of CRC.
  • 486
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes as Modulators of Pancreatic Cancer Drug Resistance
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is one of the most lethal tumors worldwide, difficult to diagnose, and with inadequate therapeutical chances. The most used therapy is gemcitabine, alone or in combination with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), and the multidrug FOLFIRINOX. Unfortunately, PaC develops resistance early, thus reducing the already poor life expectancy of patients. The mechanisms responsible for drug resistance are not fully elucidated, and exosomes seem to be actively involved in this phenomenon, thanks to their ability to transfer molecules regulating this process from drug-resistant to drug-sensitive PaC cells. These extracellular vesicles are released by both normal and cancer cells and seem to be essential mediators of intercellular communications, especially in cancer, where they are secreted at very high numbers.
  • 485
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Tumor Mutational Burden-High Advanced Solid Malignancies
A standardized assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) poses challenges across diverse tumor histologies, treatment modalities, and testing platforms, requiring careful consideration to ensure consistency and reproducibility. Despite clinical trials demonstrating favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), not all patients with elevated TMB exhibit benefits, and certain tumors with a normal TMB may respond to ICIs. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between TMB and the tumor microenvironment, as well as genomic features, is crucial to refine its predictive value. Advancements in bioinformatics hold potential to improve the precision and cost-effectiveness of TMB assessments, addressing existing challenges. 
  • 485
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
First-Line Treatments for Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive malignancy strongly associated with asbestos exposure. Mesotheliomas are much more common in older people with a median age at diagnosis of 72 years and a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 12%. Thus, more effective treatments are urgently needed.
  • 483
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Process and Molecular Biology Characterization of Peritoneal-Metastasis
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is a common mode of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC) and has a poorer prognosis compared to other metastatic sites. The formation of PM foci depends on the synergistic effect of multiple molecules and the modulation of various components of the tumor microenvironment. The current treatment of CRC-PM is based on systemic chemotherapy. However, recent developments in local therapeutic modalities, such as cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC), have improved the survival of these patients.
  • 483
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Tumor Immunogenicity
Immunotherapy is now established as a potent therapeutic paradigm engendering antitumor immune response against a wide range of malignancies and other diseases by modulating the immune system either through the stimulation or suppression of immune components such as CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. By targeting several immune checkpoint inhibitors or blockers (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4, LAG3, and TIM-3) expressed on the surface of immune cells, several monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies have been developed and already translated clinically. In addition, natural killer cell-based, dendritic cell-based, and CAR T cell therapies have been also shown to be promising and effective immunotherapeutic approaches. In particular, CAR T cell therapy has benefited from advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, allowing the generation of several modified CAR T cells with enhanced antitumor immunity.
  • 483
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most prevalent primary intracranial tumors. The majority are benign but can undergo dedifferentiation into advanced grades classified by World Health Organization (WHO) into Grades 1 to 3. Meningiomas’ tremendous variability in tumor behavior and slow growth rates complicate their diagnosis and treatment. A deeper comprehension of the molecular pathways and cellular microenvironment factors implicated in meningioma survival and pathology is needed. 
  • 482
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer
The incidence and death rates of endometrial cancer are rising globally. International guidelines recommend radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as the standard of care for this cancer; however, fertility-sparing alternatives should be tailored to motivated women of reproductive age, establishing an appropriate cost–benefit balance between childbearing desire and cancer risk. New molecular classifications such as that of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provide a robust supplementary risk assessment tool that can tailor the treatment options to the patient’s needs, curtail over- and under-treatment, and contribute to the spread of fertility-preserving strategies.
  • 482
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain Inhibitors
The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family inhibitors are small molecules that target the dysregulated epigenetic readers, BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, at various transcription-related sites, including super-enhancers. Although four different functions of autophagy have been identified in the literature (cytoprotective, cytotoxic, cytostatic and non-protective), primarily the cytoprotective and cytotoxic forms appear to function in different experimental models exposed to BET inhibitors (with some evidence for the cytostatic form).
  • 481
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hyperthermia in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Advanced ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological death with a high rate of reoccurrence indicating the critical need for improved therapeutics. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) treatment for ovarian cancer has shown efficacy in extending patient overall survival.
  • 479
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
First-Line Maintenance PARP Inhibitor Treatment in Ovarian Cancer
The therapeutic effect of Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor has been demonstrated in ovarian cancer patients with BRCA mutation or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). HRD analysis at diagnosis determines treatment eligibility in ovarian cancer. In classifying the HRD patient group, different results may be observed depending on the test methods, and evidence of the possibility of differences in HRD prevalence between races was shown through representative clinical trial results.
  • 478
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Effects of miRNAs in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor originating from glial cells with a maximum life expectancy of 14.6 months. Despite the establishment of multiple promising therapies, the clinical outcome of glioblastoma patients is abysmal. Drug resistance has been identified as a major factor contributing to the failure of current multimodal therapy. Epigenetic modification, especially DNA methylation has been identified as a major regulatory mechanism behind glioblastoma progression. In addition, miRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA, have been found to play a role in the regulation as well as in the diagnosis of glioblastoma. The relationship between epigenetics, drug resistance, and glioblastoma progression has been clearly demonstrated. MGMT hypermethylation, leading to a lack of MGMT expression, is associated with a cytotoxic effect of TMZ in GBM, while resistance to TMZ frequently appears in MGMT non-methylated GBM. 
  • 478
  • 21 Jul 2023
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