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Topic Review
Ceramide Transport Protein CERT and Its Inhibitors
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are recognized as key players in the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and are rapidly gaining attention as a novel molecular target for medicinal products. In mammalian cells, ceramide is newly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and converted to sphingomyelin in the trans-Golgi regions. The ceramide transport protein CERT, a typical LTP, mediates the ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide at an ER-distal Golgi membrane contact zone. A potent inhibitor of CERT, named (1R,3S)-HPA-12, was found by coincidence among ceramide analogs. Since then, various ceramide-resembling compounds have been found to act as CERT inhibitors. Nevertheless, the inevitable issue remains that natural ligand-mimetic compounds might directly bind both to the desired target and to various undesired targets that share the same natural ligand. To resolve this issue, a ceramide-unrelated compound named E16A, or (1S,2R)-HPCB-5, that potently inhibits the function of CERT has been developed, employing a series of in silico docking simulations, efficient chemical synthesis, quantitative affinity analysis, protein–ligand co-crystallography, and various in vivo assays. (1R,3S)-HPA-12 and E16A together provide a robust tool to discriminate on-target effects on CERT from off-target effects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gulf of Mexico Basin
The formation of the Gulf of Mexico, an oceanic rift basin located between North America and the Yucatan Block, was preceded by the breakup of the Supercontinent Pangaea in the Late-Triassic, weakening the lithosphere. Rifting between the North and South American plates continued in the Early-Jurassic, approximately 160 million years ago, and formation of the Gulf of Mexico, including subsidence due to crustal thinning, was complete by 140 Ma. Stratigraphy of the basin, which can be split into several regions, includes sediments deposited from the Jurassic through the Holocene, currently totaling a thickness between 15 and 20 kilometers.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rab Proteins in Mitophagy
Mitochondrial dysfunction and vesicular trafficking alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. It has become clear that pathogenetic pathways leading to neurodegeneration are often interconnected. Indeed, growing evidence suggests a concerted contribution of impaired mitophagy and vesicles formation in the dysregulation of neuronal homeostasis, contributing to neuronal cell death. Among the molecular factors involved in the trafficking of vesicles, Ras analog in brain (Rab) proteins seem to play a central role in mitochondrial quality checking and disposal through both canonical PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and novel alternative pathways. In turn, the lack of proper elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria has emerged as a possible causative/early event in some neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Role of Spermidine in Human Pathogenic Viruses Infection
The triamine spermidine is a key metabolite of the polyamine pathway. It plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases caused by viral or parasitic infections. Spermidine and its metabolizing enzymes, i.e., spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, acetyl polyamine oxidase, and deoxyhypusine synthase, fulfill common functions during infection in parasitic protozoa and viruses which are obligate, intracellular parasites. The competition for this important polyamine between the infected host cell and the pathogen determines the severity of infection in disabling human parasites and pathogenic viruses.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Enhancer Regulation of WNT3A
Upon traumatic brain injury, epigenome reprograms allowing gene expressions for injury response and regeneration. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing of histone marks, we identify a novel enhancer region for induced WNT3A transcription during regeneration of injured cortical neurons. An increased mono-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me1) modification and a topological transformation of this enhancer and with promoter of WNT3A gene orchestrate the transcription of WNT3A gene during neuronal regeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gas Emissions from Arctic Permafrost
The active emission of gas (mainly methane) from terrestrial and subsea permafrost in the Russian Arctic has been confirmed by ample evidence. A generalization and some systematization of gas manifestations recorded in the Russian Arctic is carried out. The published data on most typical gas emission cases have been summarized in a table and illustrated by a map. All events of onshore and shelf gas release are divided into natural and man-caused and the natural ones are further classified as venting from lakes or explosive emissions in dryland conditions that produce craters on the surface. a description of the observed man-caused gas manifestations associated with the drilling of geotechnical and production wells in the Arctic region is given.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Boomerang Dysplasia
Boomerang dysplasia is a disorder that affects the development of bones throughout the body. Affected individuals are born with inward- and upward-turning feet (clubfeet) and dislocations of the hips, knees, and elbows. Bones in the spine, rib cage, pelvis, and limbs may be underdeveloped or in some cases absent. As a result of the limb bone abnormalities, individuals with this condition have very short arms and legs. Pronounced bowing of the upper leg bones (femurs) gives them a "boomerang" shape.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral Manifestations of IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises chronic heterogeneous disorders of unknown etiology, resulting from multifactorial environmental precipitants in genetically susceptible individuals. IBD are distinguished in two main phenotypes, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. While UC affects the rectum and a variable extent of the colon, CD can involve any location of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the oral cavity to the anus. Furthermore, up to 36% of patients with IBD may have extra-intestinal manifestations (EIM) which can affect almost any organ of the body (eyes, joints, liver, pancreas, skin, blood, and mouth).
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Power Systems
Fuel cells as clean power sources are very attractive for the maritime sector, which is committed to sustainability and reducing greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant emissions from ships. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Choriocapillaris OCTA in AMD
The advent of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has facilitated remarkable advancements in our ability to image the blood vessels of the retina and choroid. This is particularly true of the choriocapillaris (CC), the blood vessel bed that feeds the outer retina. OCTA has more clearly defined the integral role of the CC in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss people over 50 years old. OCTA imaging shows that the choriocapillaris is impaired in intermediate and advanced non-neovascular AMD, and the severity of impairment may predict the advancement of disease. In advanced non-neovascular AMD, the choriocapillaris is severely impaired underneath the area of geographic atrophy, and the level of impairment surrounding geographic atrophy can predict the rate of atrophy enlargement. Macular neovascularization, harmful new blood vessels that grow in neovascular AMD, can be readily identified and classified using OCTA. It is still unclear however if neovascularization features with OCTA can predict the lesion’s level of activity. However, the choriocapillaris surrounding macular neovascularization is impaired while the more peripheral choriocapillaris is spared, implying that choriocapillaris disease may drive the growth of these new blood vessels. With continued innovation in OCTA image acquisition and analysis methods, new discoveries in AMD are set to follow.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Beta-Glucans
The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Microbial Community Analysis
The microbial diversity in anaerobic digestion (AD) is important because it affects process robustness. High-throughput sequencing offers high-resolution data regarding the microbial diversity and robustness of biological systems including AD; however, to understand the dynamics of microbial processes, knowing the microbial diversity is not adequate alone. Advanced meta-omic techniques have been established to determine the activity and interactions among organisms in biological processes like AD. Results of these methods can be used to identify biomarkers for AD states. This can aid a better understanding of system dynamics and be applied to producing comprehensive models for AD. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are the most abundant and ubiquitous secondary metabolites present in the plant kingdom with more than 8000 phenolic structures currently known. These compounds play an important role in plant growth and reproduction, providing protection against biotic and abiotic stress such as pathogen and insect attack, ultra violet (UV) radiation and wounding.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Industrial Ecology Education
Industrial ecology (IE) education is a topic that has received attention in institutions of higher education throughout the world. Some universities have been teaching and researching IE for the past 20 years but its scope is still being defined. There is a need to catalogue and exchange experiences of IE teaching and their results. In addition to an extensive literature review, this paper provides a framework composed of content and strategies for teaching Industrial Ecology. This framework is tested in teaching IE as a general education course for undergraduate students at Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT). The methodology applied in this paper is of a descriptive and empirical nature and thus this paper focuses on a practice-oriented perspective in describing the experience at BIT. A range of different strategies, including lectures, group discussions, case studies, role playing games, oral presentations, evaluation, and student feedback have been incorporated into the course. The course received highly positive evaluation by the participating students. Students were impressed by IE’s characteristic of interdisciplinarity, way of thinking and practical value. Additionally, the course appears to influence students’ values, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. The paper concludes with some thoughts on ways of improving IE education in the future.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bazedoxifene Acetate
Bazedoxifene acetate, BZA, a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is an indole-based estrogen receptor ligand currently used to prevent and treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Foodborne Disease Caused by Salmonella
Foodborne disease caused by Salmonella is an important public health concern worldwide. Animal-based food, especially poultry meat, is the main source of human salmonellosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
ZnO Nanoparticles and Wheat and Maize
The zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) is a commonly used metal oxide ENPs finding application as sunscreens and cosmetics, biosensors, and in solar cells, etc. Presently, many kinds of metal oxide NPs have been applied in agriculture, specifically in fertilization and plant protection in abiotic and biotic stress conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plant Xyloglucan:Xyloglucosyl Transferases
Plant xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases, known as xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) are the key players that underlie plant cell wall dynamics and mechanics. These fundamental roles are central for the assembly and modifications of cell walls during embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive growth, and adaptations to living environments under biotic and abiotic (environmental) stresses. Xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET), classified under EC 2.4.1.207, transfer the glycosyl groups from one glycoside to another. These enzymes were discovered in 1992 independently in bean epicotyls, nasturtium seeds, and pea, tomato and other plant extracts, and since their discovery, significant knowledge has been accumulated on their mode of action.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Conservation Physiology of Bryophytes
Conservation physiology is a rather new scientific discipline emerging over the last several decades with the aim of solving the conservation problems of different biological entities. This is an integrative approach applying physiological concepts and tools to gain new knowledge about the features of those targeted biological entities which are the subject of conservation.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2022
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