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Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of Curcumin
Curcumin, one of the major ingredients of turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been widely reported for its diverse bioactivities, including against malaria and inflammatory-related diseases. Curcumin’s low bioavailability limits its potential as an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, research on the design and synthesis of novel curcumin derivatives is being actively pursued to improve the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of curcumin.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Johne’s disease (JD)
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a highly resistant, extremely fastidious, Gram-positive acid-fast bacilli. The disease is characterized by reduced productivity, loss in body weight, and can be experienced with (in cattle and buffaloes) or without (in goats and sheep) diarrhea. Animals acquire infection in the early stages (prenatal) through semen or in utero, with colostrum and milk, or from the environment after birth via the fecal–oral route.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Metallic Coatings
Metallic additive manufacturing is expeditiously gaining attention in advanced industries for manufacturing intricate structures for customized applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Secure Application of MIoT
With the increasing demand for higher-quality services, online English education platforms have gained significant attention. However, practical application of the Mobile Internet of Things (MIoT) still faces various challenges, including communication security, availability, scalability, etc. These challenges directly impact the utilization of online English education platforms. The dynamic and evolving nature of the topology characteristics in Mobile Internet of Things networks adds complexity to addressing these issues.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Security
Researchers offer an overview of the development of the concepts "environmental security" and "climate change security" in the scholarly community as well as in the EU security agenda.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polyaryletherketone Based Blends
Polyaryletherketone-based thermoplastic blends (PAEK) are high-performance copolymers able to replace metals in many applications including those related to the environmental and energy transition. PAEK lead to the extension of high-performance multifunctional materials to target embedded electronics, robotics, aerospace, medical devices and prostheses. Blending PAEK with other thermostable thermoplastic polymers is a viable option to obtain materials with new affordable properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products
Malignancies cause one out of six mortalities, which is a serious health problem. Cancer therapy has always been challenging, apart from major advances in immunotherapies, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapies, hormonal therapies, precision medicine, and palliative care, and traditional therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Natural products are integral to the development of innovative anticancer drugs in cancer research, offering the scientific community the possibility of exploring novel natural compounds against cancers. The role of natural products like Vincristine and Vinblastine has been thoroughly implicated in the management of leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The computational method is the initial key approach in drug discovery, among various approaches.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopies
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy and mapping were applied tothe analysis of biofilms produced by bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. Bacterial biofilm, also calleddental plaque, is the main cause of periodontal disease and tooth decay. It consists of a complexmicrobial community embedded in an extracellular matrix composed of highly hydrated extracellularpolymeric substances and is a combination of salivary and bacterial proteins, lipids, polysaccharides,nucleic acids, and inorganic ions. This study confirms the value of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopiesin biology, medicine, and pharmacy as effective tools for bacterial product characterization.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Imaging of Soft-Tissue infections
Musculoskeletal soft-tissue infections include a wide range of clinical conditions that are commonly encountered in both emergency departments and non-emergency clinical settings. Since clinical signs, symptoms, and even laboratory tests can be unremarkable or non-specific, imaging plays a key role in many cases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Radio Advertisement
In the United States, commercial radio stations make most of their revenue by selling airtime to be used for running radio advertisements. These advertisements are the result of a business or a service providing a valuable consideration, usually money, in exchange for the station airing their commercial or mentioning them on air. The most common advertisements are "spot commercials", which normally last for no more than one minute, and longer programs, commonly running up to one hour, known as "informercials". The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), established under the Communications Act of 1934, regulates commercial broadcasting, and the laws regarding radio advertisements remain relatively unchanged from the Radio Act of 1927. In 2015, radio accounted for 7.8% of total U.S. media expenditures.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Stress Mitigation
Plants, being sessile, have developed complex signaling and response mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors.  Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates (JAs), are of particular importance and are involved in diverse signal transduction pathways to regulate various physiological and molecular processes in plants, thus protecting plants from the lethal impacts of abiotic and biotic stressors. Jasmonic acid has emerged as a central player in plant defense against biotic stress and in alleviating multiple abiotic stressors in plants, such as drought, salinity, vernalization, and heavy metal exposure.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Conditions Determining Male Infertility
The lack of knowledge of the causes of impaired reproductive potential results in an inability to implement specific treatment, which is associated with the lack of positive outcomes (pregnancy). This review will make relevant environmental comparisons. It will allow an understanding of the importance of environmental factors in shaping the body's defense and capabilities in the field of reproductive condition. The results can be used in enhancing diagnosis and deciding on appropriate infertility treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease inherited by an autosomal recessive mechanism and characterized by a progressive and severe multi-organ failure. Mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein cause duct obstructions from dense mucus secretions and chronic inflammation related to organ damage. The progression of the disease is characterized by a decline of lung function associated with metabolic disorders and malnutrition, musculoskeletal disorders and thoracic deformities, leading to a progressive decrement of the individual’s quality of life. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 May 2021
Topic Review
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body. People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Fibrillar aggregates and soluble oligomers of both Amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins (p-Tau-es), as well as a chronic neuroinflammation are the main drivers causing progressive neuronal losses and dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are still much disputed. Several endogenous neurotoxic ligands, including Aβs, and/or p-Tau-es activate innate immunity-related danger-sensing/pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) thereby advancing AD's neuroinflammation and progression. The major PRR families involved include scavenger, Toll-like, NOD-like, AIM2-like, RIG-like, and CLEC-2 receptors, plus the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This quite intricate picture stresses the need to identify the pathogenetically topmost Aβ-activated PRR, whose signaling would trigger AD's three main drivers and their intra-brain spread. In theory, the candidate might belong to any PRR family. However, results of preclinical studies using in vitro nontumorigenic human cortical neurons and astrocytes and in vivo AD-model animals have started converging on the CaSR as the pathogenetically upmost PRR candidate. In fact, the CaSR binds both Ca2+ and Aβs and promotes the spread of both  Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and AD's three main drivers, causing a progressive neurons' death. Since CaSR's negative allosteric modulators block all these effects, CaSR's candidacy for topmost pathogenetic PRR has assumed a growing therapeutic potential worth clinical testing.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cerebellar Degeneration in Epilepsy
Cerebellar degeneration has been associated in patients with epilepsy, though the exact pathogenic mechanisms are not understood. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of cerebellar degeneration in patients with epilepsy and identify any pathogenic mechanisms. Methodology: A systematic computer-based literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. Data extracted included prevalence, clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropathological characteristics of patients with epilepsy and cerebellar degeneration. Results: We identified three consistent predictors of cerebellar degeneration in the context of epilepsy in our review: temporal lobe epilepsy, poor seizure control, and phenytoin as the treatment modality. Whole brain and hippocampal atrophy were also identified in patients with epilepsy. Conclusions: Cerebellar degeneration is prevalent in patients with epilepsy. Further prospective studies are required to confirm if the predictors identified in this review are indeed linked to cerebellar degeneration and to establish the pathogenic mechanisms that result in cerebellar insult.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
TGFβ Signaling
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that influences vital cellular processes like proliferation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Non-Thermal Hydroxyapatite Coating Methods
Polymers are widely used in many applications in the field of biomedical engineering. Among eclectic selections of polymers, those with low melting temperature (Tm < 200 degrees Celcius), such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or polyethylene, are often used in bone, dental, maxillofacial, and corneal tissue engineering as substrates or scaffolds. These polymers, however, are bioinert, lack of reactive surface functional groups, and had poor wettability, affecting their ability to promote cellular functions and biointegration with the surrounding tissue. Improving the biointegration can be achieved by depositing hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the polymeric substrates. Conventional thermal spray and vapor phase coating, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved plasma spray technique, is not suitable for application on the low Tm polymers due to the high processing temperature, reaching more than 1000 degrees Celcius. Two non-thermal HAp coating approaches have been described in the literature, namely the biomimetic deposition and direct nanoparticle immobilization techniques. Here, we elaborate on the unique features of each technique, followed by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help readers decide on which method is more suitable for their intended applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cysteine Cathepsins
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes belonging to the papain family. Their expression is misregulated in a wide variety of tumors, and ample data prove their involvement in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in the occurrence of drug resistance.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Smart Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Recent advances in nanotechnology have forced the obtaining of new materials with multiple functionalities. Due to their reduced dimensions, nanomaterials exhibit outstanding physio-chemical functionalities: increased absorption and reactivity, higher surface area, molar extinction coefficients, tunable plasmonic properties, quantum effects, and magnetic and photo properties. However, in the biomedical field, it is still difficult to use tools made of nanomaterials for better therapeutics due to their limitations (including non-biocompatible, poor photostabilities, low targeting capacity, rapid renal clearance, side effects on other organs, insufficient cellular uptake, and small blood retention), so other types with controlled abilities must be developed, called “smart” nanomaterials.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2021
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