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Topic Review
Domestication Process of African Vigna Species
Legumes are one of the most economically important and biodiverse families in plants recognised as the basis to develop functional foods. Among these, the Vigna genus stands out as a good representative because of its relatively recent African origin as well as its outstanding potential. Africa is a great biodiversity centre in which a great number of species are spread, but only three of them, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna subterranea and Vigna vexillata, were successfully domesticated.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Causal Model of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
It is essential to understand the variables that explain and predict the behaviour of starting up a new company in a regional context. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports have a sufficient theoretical foundation for quality studies in this field. In addition, a valid and reliable causal model is designed that includes all personal and contextual GEM variables. The hypotheses of the proposed model are based on the existing causal relationships in the literature, using GEM data in its formulation. The model is comprehensive and practical because it significantly predicts entrepreneurial behaviour, particularly entrepreneurial intention and action. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of Berry Pomace Powders
The processing of berry juice, wine, or other beverages results in a considerable amount of pomace, including skins, seeds, and, occasionally, stalks. Pomace has been estimated at 30% of the total grape use in winemaking or 60% of the total cranberry use in juice production. However, berry pomace is no longer seen as a by-product and is further processed as a value-added food ingredient.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Probiotic Bacillus subtilis on Laying Hens
Bacillus subtilisis one of the three most common species of probiotic products in the U.S. and has been used widely as a functional feed supplement such as in several dairy and non-dairy fermented foods for improving human health and well-being. Similarly, Bacillus subtilis-based probiotics have been used as antibiotic growth promoter alternatives in poultry. Bacillus subtilis are spore-forming bacteria. They are heat stable, low pH-resistant (the gastric barrier), and tolerate multiple environmental stressors.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties of Phillyrin
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine first recorded in Shennong Bencao Jing, which was a book published ca. 2000 years ago documenting Chinese folk medicines. Forsythiae Fructus, the dried fruit of F. suspensa, is frequently used in China by physicians for heat clearing and detoxifying. Modern pharmacological studies showed that Forsythiae Fructus has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, as well as anti-tumor effects, and therefore, it is clinically used to treat fever, influenza, tumor, hypertension, and other diseases. As the main active components of this medicinal plant, more than 50 lignans have been isolated and characterized from various organs of F. suspensa (fruit, flower, leaf and root), with phillyrin (C27H34O11) as the key compound. Phillyrin, a lignan glycoside, is the phytochemical marker for Forsythiae Fructus quality assessment in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, and it is stipulated that the content of phillyrin shall not be less than 0.15% when calculated as dry product.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Indoor Environmental Quality Assessment and Occupant Satisfaction
As occupants spend almost 90% of their day indoors, especially in the workplaces, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) plays a primary role in health and wellbeing, productivity, and building energy consumption. Adopting the IEQ and Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), data has been gathered from nine multilevel open offices within a university building located in Al Ain, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for three winter months. Physical parameters were monitored using data loggers to record the main IEQ factors.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Latent Infection by Tobamoviruses
Tobamoviruses are among the most well-studied plant viruses and yet there is still a lot to uncover about them. On one side of the spectrum, there are damage-causing members of this genus: such as the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), on the other side, there are members which cause latent infection in host plants. New technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing (HTS), have enabled people to discover viruses from asymptomatic plants, viruses in mixed infections where the disease etiology cannot be attributed to a single entity and more and more researchers a looking at non-crop plants to identify alternative virus reservoirs, leading to new virus discoveries. However, the diversity of these interactions in the virosphere and the involvement of multiple viruses in a single host is still relatively unclear. For such host–virus interactions in wild plants, symptoms are not always linked with the virus titer.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
IBM Microfilm Products
IBM manufactured and sold microfilm products from 1963 till 1969. It is an example of IBM attempting to enter an established market on the basis of a significant technical breakthrough.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Scalable Link Interface
Scalable Link Interface (SLI) is a brand name for a multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power. The initialism SLI was first used by 3dfx for Scan-Line Interleave, which was introduced to the consumer market in 1998 and used in the Voodoo2 line of video cards. After buying out 3dfx, Nvidia acquired the technology but did not use it. Nvidia later reintroduced the SLI name in 2004 and intended for it to be used in modern computer systems based on the PCI Express (PCIe) bus; however, the technology behind the name SLI has changed dramatically.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IoT Sensor Data Processing
In IoT sensor networks, wireless communication protocols are popularly used for the information exchange process. These communication protocols work as unlicensed frequency bands that ease the flexibility and scalability of sensor deployments. However, the utilization of communication protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN) under unlicensed frequency bands causes uncontrollable interference. The interference signals may lead to improper data transmission and sensor data with noise, missing values, outliers and redundancy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials to Enhance Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is one of the most common technologies used to produce millions of copies of targeted nucleic acid in vitro and has become an indispensable technique in molecular biology. However, it suffers from low efficiency and specificity problems, false positive results, and so on. Although many conditions can be optimized to increase PCR yield, such as the magnesium ion concentration, the DNA polymerases, the number of cycles, and so on, they are not all-purpose and the optimization can be case dependent. Nano-sized materials offer a possible solution to improve both the quality and productivity of PCR. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention and gradually penetrated the field of life sciences because of their unique chemical and physical properties, such as their large surface area and small size effect, which have greatly promoted developments in life science and technology. Additionally, PCR technology assisted by NPs (NanoPCR) such as gold NPs (Au NPs), quantum dots (QDs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc., have been developed to significantly improve the specificity, efficiency, and sensitivity of PCR and to accelerate the PCR reaction process. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Enhancing Security of Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture encompasses automation and application of a wide range of information technology devices to improve farm output. In this environment, smart devices collect and exchange a massive number of messages with other devices and servers over public channels. Consequently, smart farming is exposed to diverse attacks, which can have serious consequences since the sensed data are normally processed to help determine the agricultural field status and facilitate decision-making. Many schemes have been developed to enhance security in the smart farm environment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deconstructive and Divergent Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products
Deconstructive synthesis, namely building new, challenging structures through bond cleavage of easily accessible moieties, has emerged as a useful design principle in synthesizing bioactive natural products. Divergent synthesis, namely synthesizing many natural products from a common intermediate, can improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis and generate libraries of molecules with unprecedented structural diversity.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Abiotic-Stress Reduction
Soil degradation is a global problem and refers to the reduction or loss of the biological and economic productive capacity of the soil resource. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) could be a low-cost and long-term solution to restore soil fertility, as they provide a wide range of benefits in agriculture, including increasing crop productivity, improving soil nutrient levels and inhibiting the growth of pathogens. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Consultant
A consultant (from Latin: consultare "to deliberate") is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area such as business, education, law, regulatory compliance, human resources, marketing (and public relations), finance, health care, engineering, science, security (electronic or physical), or any of many other specialized fields. A consultant is usually an expert or an experienced professional in a specific field and has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. The role of consultant outside the medical sphere (where the term is used specifically for a grade of doctor) can fall under one of two general categories: internal consultant and external consultant. By hiring a consultant, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be financially feasible for them to retain in-house on a long-term basis. Moreover, clients can control their expenditures on consulting services by only purchasing as much services from the outside consultant as desired. Consultants provide their advice to their clients in a variety of forms. Reports and presentations are often used. However, in some specialized fields, the consultant may develop customized software or other products for the client. Depending on the nature of the consulting services and the wishes of the client, the advice from the consultant may be made public, by placing the report or presentation online, or the advice may be kept confidential, and only given to the senior executives of the organization paying for the consulting services.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Trichoderma
Trichoderma spp. has the ability to inhibit fungal plant pathogens through several mechanisms like the production of hydrolytic enzymes, mycoparasitism, coiling, and antibiosis and is therefore recommended as a potential and native biocontrol agent for effective control of soil-transmitted diseases. Various species of Trichoderma, like T. virens, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, etc., have been explored for their biocontrol activity against phytopathogens. There are different Trichoderma species and strains with respect to plant pathogens. Efforts have been made to develop effective and efficient methods, such as microencapsulation use of different polymers, adjuvants, or carriers, to increase the shelf-life and efficacy of Trichoderma formulations.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Aging Mechanism of Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are natural and efficient biological macromolecules that act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and immune regulators.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols against COVID-19 Cytokines storm
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in China during late 2019 and rapidly spread all over the world. Alterations in the inflammatory cytokines pathway represent a strong signature during SARS-COV-2 infection and correlate with poor prognosis and severity of the illness. The hyper-activation of the immune system results in an acute severe systemic inflammatory response named cytokine release syndrome (CRS). No effective prophylactic or post-exposure treatments are available, although some anti-inflammatory compounds are currently in clinical trials. Studies of plant extracts and natural compounds show that polyphenols can play a beneficial role in the prevention and the progress of chronic diseases related to inflammation. The aim of this manuscript is to review the published background on the possible effectiveness of polyphenols to fight SARS-COV-2 infection, contributing to the reduction of inflammation. Here, some of the anti-inflammatory therapies are discussed and although great progress has been made though this year, there is no proven cytokine blocking agents for COVID currently used in clinical practice. In this regard, bioactive phytochemicals such as polyphenols may become promising tools to be used as adjuvants in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such nutrients, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, associated to classical anti-inflammatory drugs, could help in reducing the inflammation in patients with COVID-19.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
MRNA-Based Vaccines
The mRNA-based vaccine approach is a promising alternative to traditional vaccines due to its ability for prompt development, high potency, and potential for secure administration and low-cost production.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Flavivirus Genomes
The flavivirus genome consists of a single positive-stranded RNA molecule with just one open reading frame (ORF) flanked by untranslated 5′ and 3′ regions. The ORF encodes a polyprotein that is processed to produce three structural and seven non-structural viral proteins. The RNA genome is endowed with a type I cap structure at the 5′ terminus and lacks a poly A tail at its 3′ end. To store all the information required for their successful propagation, flaviviruses use discrete structural genomic RNA elements to code for functional information by the establishment of dynamic networks of long-range RNA–RNA interactions that promote specific functional folding.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2021
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