Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Carbon Dots Composites
Among carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have received a surge of interest in recent years due to their attractive features such as tunable photoluminescence, cost effectiveness, nontoxic renewable resources, quick and direct reactions, chemical and superior water solubility, good cell-membrane permeability, and simple operation. CDs and their composites have a large potential for sensing contaminants present in physical systems such as water resources as well as biological systems. Tuning the properties of CDs is a very important subject.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bioplastics
Bioplastics are one of the possible alternative solutions to the polymers of petrochemical origins. Bioplastics have several advantages over traditional plastics in terms of low carbon footprint, energy efficiency, biodegradability and versatility.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Four-Dimensional (Bio-)printing
Bioprinting is a printing technology that prints cells together with the biomaterial, usually a hydrogel, known as a bioink . By including the capability of stimuli responsiveness, four-dimensional (4D) printing has emerged as an intriguing technology able to induce planned changes of the constructs (e.g., shape, stiffness) when triggered by a certain external stimulus , thus showing the potential of bridging the gap between the laboratory constructs and native human tissues.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Degradation Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds
The bioactive compounds in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices are very vulnerable and can be easily degraded by different factors, including enzymes, thermal treatment, pH, oxidation, light, and/or hydrolysis. Some of the main examples of degradation reactions include: oxidation and hydrolysis of vitamin C, oxidation of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides and hydrolysis of esters. Therefore, actions taken for preventing such degradation are critically important not only for producers, but also for consumers, for whom the presence of these compounds is desirable for health-related requirements. In particular, the degradation of bioactive compounds during thermal treatment (e.g., blanching, pasteurization, sterilization and/or drying) represents a severe problem that must be tackled in the food industry. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Zirconia Implant-Prosthetic Components' Tissue Response
Dental components manufactured with zirconia (ZrO2) represent a significant percentage of the implant-prosthetic market in dentistry. However, during the last few years, we have observed robust clinical and pre-clinical scientific investigations on zirconia both as a prosthetic and an implantable material. Dental devices manufactured from ZrO2 are structurally and chemically stable with biocompatibility levels allowing for safe and long-term function in the oral environment.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Preparation and Properties of Magnesium Phosphate Cements
In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. 
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Glasses in Bone Regeneration
Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) is a category of bioceramics that, as will be explained, can be considered intermediate between traditional bioactive glasses—obtained by quenching of a melt or by the sol-gel method—and silica mesoporous materials. These bioactive glasses can be considered a spin-off of silica mesoporous materials because they are designed with a similar technical approach. Mesoporous glasses in addition to SiO2 contain significant amounts of other oxides, particularly CaO and P2O5 and therefore, they exhibit quite different properties and clinical applications than mesoporous silica compounds. Both materials exhibit ordered mesoporous structures with a very narrow pore size distribution that are achieved by using surfactants during their synthesis. The characteristics of mesoporous glasses made them suitable to be enriched with various osteogenic agents, namely inorganic ions and biopeptides as well as mesenchymal cells. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Material-Based Chemiresistive Sensors
Development of hybrid materials, especially inorganic–organic materials, coordination polymers, conducting polymers, carbon materials, and many more, has produced breakthroughs in diverse applications. Various advance materials have been reported in the literature using metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which compensate for the limitations of sensors. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
L-Asparaginase-Based Biosensors
L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an aminohydrolase enzyme widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although currently its main applications are focused on the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acrylamide reduction in starch-rich foods cooked at temperatures above 100 °C, its use as a biosensor in the detection and monitoring of L-asparagine levels is of high relevance. ASNase-based biosensors are a promising and innovative technology, mostly based on colorimetric detection since the mechanism of action of ASNase is the catalysis of the L-asparagine hydrolysis, which releases L-aspartic acid and ammonium ions, promoting a medium pH value change followed by color variation. ASNase biosensing systems prove their potential for L-asparagine monitoring in ALL patients, along with L-asparagine concentration analysis in foods, due to their simplicity and fast response. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Enzyme Crosslinking Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering
Crosslinking strategies have been extensively explored in order to design novel hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Lately, the fabrication of hydrogels with the help of enzyme-mediated crosslinking approaches has been extensively explored. This approach has resulted in promising outcomes with convincing prospects. Enzymes are required in minimal quantity and are very efficient in their actions, as they increase the reaction rate without being expended during the course of the reaction process. The efficiency of an enzyme is defined by the number of substrate molecules converted into products per unit of enzyme, which is also known as turnover number (k cat). The high efficiency of enzyme-based reactions comes from the precise specificity, which ensures the conversion of a particular type of substrate to products. Many enzymes have been explored in order to prepare biomimetic hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. The details of every enzyme-based crosslinking approach are discussed in the following sections.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Nanomaterials as Biocompatible/Conductive Scaffolds
The unique properties of graphene make graphene (and its derivatives) a valuable nanomaterial for 2D or 3D stem cells culture maintenance and differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review worldwide that besides provide clues and insights on the way we can much better manage and study stem cells especially for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, transplantation, orthopedic surgery.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
ProFatigue Software
The program was developed by the IEMES (Structural Integrity: Materials and Structures) Research Group at the University of Oviedo, in collaboration with Prof. Castillo of the University of Cantabria and Empa-Dübendorf (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology). ProFatigue is based on the Weibull’s regression model proposed by Castillo-Canteli in order to satisfy the physical and statistical conditions required by any valid fatigue model.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cellulose-Based Composite Membranes with Hydroxyapatite
Cellulose-based materials are a viable alternative to synthetic polymers due to their favorable physico-chemical and biological characteristics. They are also an appropriate organic matrix for the incorporation of hydroxyapatite particles, inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, as well as electrostatic interactions being formed between the functional groups on the polymeric chains surface and the inorganic filler. Considering the versatility of hydroxyapatite particles, the hybrid materials offer favorable prospects for applications in water purification, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and hemodialysis. The preparation technique and the chemical composition have a big influence on the final membrane properties. The well-established membrane fabrication methods such as phase inversion, electrospinning, or gradual electrostatic assembly are discussed, together with the various strategies employed to obtain a homogenous dispersion of the inorganic particles in the polymeric matrix. Finally, the main conclusions and the future directions regarding the preparation and applications of cellulose derivatives/hydroxyapatite composite membranes are presented.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Developing Edible Starch Film Used for Packaging Seasonings
Edible starch-based film was developed for packaging seasoning applied in instant noodles. The edible film can quickly dissolve into hot water so that the seasoning bag can mix in the soup of instant noodles during preparation.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Principles of pH-Responsive Drug Delivery
The paradigm of drug carriers’ usage to overcome the non-specific distribution of therapeutic agents in the body, including chemotherapeutic substances that exert severe toxic stress on healthy tissues, has been actively developed. One of the main pillars of this paradigm is the increased or even selective accumulation of drug delivery systems (DDSs) carrying therapeutic agents in tumor interstitium harnessing the differences between normal and cancer tissues properties. Thus, structural features of tumors, such as hypervascularization, vascular pathologies, and impaired functionality of lymphatic drainage, can be utilized to differentiate tumors from healthy tissues and selectively accumulate drug carriers. In particular, tumor-surrounding vessels are characterized by defects in the endothelial layer lining the blood vessel wall, represented by wide fenestrations (up to several microns) and other features that lead to an increase in the permeability of this barrier for small objects, making the effective extravasation of nanosized carriers from the bloodstream to tumor interstitium possible. Methods of selective therapy via the systemic administration of therapeutic agents based on increased permeability of the tumor vessels’ wall, known under the general name of the EPR effect, have become widespread and have inspired the creation of a large number of vehicles proposed for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. In summary, the EPR effect implies the extravasation of nanosized drug carriers through endothelial fenestra and their retention in the interstitial volume of the tumor due to dysfunctional lymphatic drainage.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Computed Tomography
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a consolidated imaging technology allowing non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) qualitative and quantitative analysis by the observation of microstructures with high resolution. This paper Ten Years of Micro-CT in Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Literature Overview aims at delivering a structured overview of literature about studies performed using micro-CT in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery (MFS) by analyzing the entire set of articles to portray the state of the art of the last ten years of scientific publications on the topic. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Halloysite Nanotubes
The use of synthetic materials and the attention towards environmental hazards and toxicity impose the development of green composites with natural origins. Clay is one of the candidates for this approach. Halloysite is a natural clay mineral, a member of the Kaolin group, with characteristic tubular morphology, usually named halloysite nanotubes (HNTs).
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biodegradable Polymers in Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted much attention because they not only efficiently harvest energy from the surrounding environment and living organisms but also serve as multifunctional sensors toward the detection of various chemical and physical stimuli. In particular, biodegradable TENG (BD-TENG) represents an emerging type of self-powered device that can be degraded, either in physiological environments as an implantable power source without the necessity of second surgery for device retrieval, or in the ambient environment to minimize associated environmental pollution.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wheat Based Film
Wheat is a grass plant of the Poaceae plants family; the scientific name of wheat plant is Triticum.  Due to its mechanical and physical properties, wheat starch, gluten, and fiber are vital in the biopolymer industry. Glycerol as a plasticizer considerably increased the elongation and water vapor permeability of wheat films. Wheat fiber developed mechanical and thermal properties as a result of various matrices; wheat gluten is water insoluble, elastic, non-toxic, and biodegradable, making it useful in biocomposite materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Barium incorporation into Biomaterials
In the present manuscript, a brief overview on barium, its possible utilization, and the aftermath of its behavior in organisms has been presented. A number of studies have exhibited both the unwanted outcome barium displayed and the advantages of barium laden compounds, tested in in vitro and in vivo settings. The plethora of prospective manipulations covered the area of hydrogels and calcium phosphates, with an end goal of examining barium’s future in the tissue engineering. Can barium be used as a substitute for other biologically relevant divalent cations? Will the incorporation of barium ions hamper the execution of the essential processes in the organism? Most importantly, can the benefits outweigh the harm?
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 32
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey