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Topic Review
CAF-Derived MicroRNA on Tumor
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), prominent cell components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in most types of solid tumor, play an essential role in tumor cell growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, and chemoresistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding, single-strand RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by post-transcription modification. Increasing evidence has suggested the dysregulation of miRNAs in CAFs, which facilitates the conversion of normal fibroblasts (NFs) into CAFs, then enhances the tumor-promoting capacity of CAFs. To understand the process of tumor progression, as well as the development of chemoresistance, it is important to explore the regulatory function of CAF-derived miRNAs and the associated molecular mechanisms, which may become potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and targets of anti-tumor therapeutics. In this review, we describe miRNAs that are differentially expressed by NFs and CAFs, summarize the modulating role of CAF-derived miRNAs in fibroblast activation and tumor advance, and eventually identify a potential clinical application for CAF-derived miRNAs as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several tumors.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Hepatotropic Viral Infections
The hepatotropic viruses A, B, C, D, and E, are the most common causes of viral infections that can lead to liver failure. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) are normally transmitted through organ transplants, transfusions, sex, and injections. The HBV genome is a double-strand DNA, and this virus is classified into the genus of Orthohepadnavirus and the family of Hepadnaviridae. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Wheat Bran Modifications
The established use of wheat bran (WB) as a food ingredient is related to the nutritional components locked in its dietary fibre. Concurrently, the technological impairment it poses has impeded its use in product formulations. For over two decades, several modifications have been investigated to combat this problem. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynecologic malignancies. The overall five-year survival is 46% and varies depending on the stage and histological type of the tumor. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC) accounts for 75% of all epithelial ovarian malignancies and is diagnosed mainly at FIGO stage III (51%) or IV (29%), reflecting the aggressive nature.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Periodontal and Peri-Implant Regeneration
Periodontal and peri-implant regeneration is the technique that aims to restore the damaged tissue around teeth and implants. They are surrounded by a different apparatus, and according to it, the regenerative procedure can differ for both sites. During the last century, several biomaterials and biological mediators were proposed to achieve a complete restoration of the damaged tissues with less invasiveness and a tailored approach.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Structure-Borne Noise in Offshore Piling
The growing demand for renewable energy supply stimulates a drastic increase in the deployment rate of offshore wind energy. Offshore wind power generators are usually supported by large foundation piles that are driven into the seabed with hydraulic impact hammers or vibratory devices. The pile installation process, which is key to the construction of every new wind farm, is hindered by a serious by-product: the underwater noise pollution. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Aphrophoridae Role in Xylella fastidiosa Invasion in Italy
The Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae) is a xylem-sap feeder vector that acquires Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 during feeding on infected plants. The bacterium is the plant pathogen responsible for olive quick decline syndrome that has decimated olive trees in Southern Italy. Damage originates mainly from the insect vector attitude that multiplies the pathogen potentialities propagating Xf in time and space. The principal action to manage insect borne pathogens and to contain the disease spread consists in vector and transmission control. The analysis of an innovative and sustainable integrated pest management quantitative strategy that targets the vector and the infection by combining chemical and physical control means demonstrates that it is possible to stop the Xylella invasion. This entry updates the available topics addressing vectors' identification, bionomics, infection management, and induced disease by Xylella invasion to discuss major available tools to mitigate the damage consequent to the disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Quality and Historical Marks of National Interest
Trademarks are distinctive signs designed to promote and enhance the products/services of companies. In Italy have been created historical brands to promote their strategic importance and enhance the temporal continuity of the marks.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Access in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome
Short Bowel Syndrome and intestinal failure are chronic and severe conditions that may require life-long parenteral nutrition in children. Survival of these children relies on the correct functioning of central venous catheters; therefore, careful management, prevention, and treatment of complications is of paramount importance. Despite a growing awareness on preserving the vascular real estate, a certain number of patients still experience a progressive and life-threatening exhaustion of vascular access. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Energy Storage Systems
Energy storage is one of the essential components of grid-independent green power generation units. These energy storage units modulate the unpredictable changes in power generation renewable energy sources. For better performance of energy storage and off-grid green microgrids, these units must be economically and reliably in suitable condition, meaning that the size of the components of the clean power generation units should be optimized to be cost-effective.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing and Fungal Sequencing
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a widely used technology in biological research. Pathogenic fungi with high virulence and drug resistance cause life-threatening clinical infections. There is a particularly urgent clinical need to use NGS to help identify fungi causing infections and prevent negative impacts.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulating Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications
One of the most concerning issues with conventional drug delivery platforms is the elicitation of an immune response upon implantation. Different natural and artificial platforms have been used for various biomedical applications ranging from drug and metabolite delivery, gene delivery, and wound healing/regenerative applications. However, most of these platforms suffer due to a compromise on immunogenicity and their respective biomedical applications. Although hydrogels from biomaterials of different origins have shown great promise in various biomedical applications, their immunogenicity, however small, is still a matter of concern, thus preventing their widespread clinical adoption. Hydrogels have been proposed as an excellent platform for various applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are soft, tridimensional crosslinked networks of polymers with a high-water content, similar to the percentage found in human tissue.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Meic Torcaill
The Meic Torcaill, also known as the Meic Turcaill, the Mac Torcaill dynasty, and the Mac Turcaill dynasty, were a leading Norse-Gaelic family in mediaeval Dublin. The kindred produced several eminent men and kings of Dublin before the English conquest of the kingdom in 1170. Afterwards the family fell from prominence, losing possession of their extensive lands in the region. In time the Meic Torcaill lost precedence to other Dublin families, such as the Harolds and Archbolds.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Image Data in Computer Vision
Many computer vision applications cannot rely on general image data provided in the available public datasets to train models, instead requiring labelled image data that is not readily available in the public domain on a large scale. At the same time, acquiring such data from the real world can be difficult, costly to obtain, and manual labour intensive to label in large quantities. Because of this, synthetic image data has been pushed to the forefront as a potentially faster and cheaper alternative to collecting and annotating real data.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Isothiocyanates
Diet plays an important role in health. A high intake of plant chemicals such as glucosinolates/isothiocyanates can promote optimal health and decrease the risk of cancer. Some research has discovered more novel mechanisms of action for the effects of isothiocyanates including the modulation of tumor microenvironment, the inhibition of the self-renewal of stem cells, the rearrangement of multiple pathways of energy metabolism, the modulation of microbiota, and protection against Helicobacter pylori. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lumpy Skin Disease
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease with a serious impact on the beef industry as it causes mortality of up to 10% and has impacts on milk and meat production, as well as fertility.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Pandemic
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in late 2019 in China created a devastating economical loss and loss of human lives.11 variants have been identified with minimum to maximum severity of infection and surges in cases. Bacterial co-infection/secondary infection is identified during viral respiratory infection, which is a vital reason for morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of secondary infections is an additional burden to the healthcare system; therefore, the quick diagnosis of both COVID-19 and secondary infections will reduce work pressure on healthcare workers. Therefore, well-established support from Artificial Intelligence (AI) could reduce the stress in healthcare and even help in creating novel products to defend against the coronavirus. AI is one of the rapidly growing fields with numerous applications for the healthcare sector. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Drugs of the Kallikrein–Kinin System
The kallikrein–kinin system consists of the two kininogen substrates present in the blood plasma, and two serine proteases: the plasma and tissue kallikreins. The action of the latter on kininogens produces small peptides, the kinins, short-lived, but endowed by powerful pharmacologic actions on blood vessels and other tissues. Several classes of drugs alter kinin formation or action at their receptors for a therapeutic benefit.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metaheuristic Approach for University Course Timetabling Problems
The university course timetabling problem (UCTP) is a multidimensional assignment problem that involves assigning students and teachers to events (or courses), which are then allocated to appropriate timeslots and rooms. The UCTP can be categorized into two categories: post-enrollment-based course timetabling problems (PE-CTPs) and curriculum-based course timetabling problems (CB-CTPs). 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Problems and Proposed Solutions of Cloud Security Frameworks
Cloud computing has its roots in several fundamental concepts and technologies. In the 1960s, J.C.R. Licklider, a prominent computer scientist, envisioned an “Intergalactic Computer Network” that allowed remote access to programs and data, laying the groundwork for distributed computing models. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2023
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